FANAGOLO: a language of South Africa

The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
It was superseded by the corresponding entry in the 15th edition (2005). See also the corresponding entry in the current edition of Ethnologue.

SIL code: FAO

ISO 639-2: crp

Population	Several hundred thousand speakers (1975 Reinecke).
Region	Also spoken in DRC, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Alternate names	'FANAKALO', 'FANEKOLO', 'KITCHEN KAFFIR', 'MINE KAFFIR', PIKI, ISIPIKI, 'ISIKULA', LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, BASIC ZULU, SILUNGUBOI
Classification	Pidgin, Zulu based.
Comments	The dialect in Zambia is called 'Cikabanga', that in Zimbabwe is called 'Chilapalapa.' About 70% of the vocabulary comes from Zulu, 24% from English, 6% from Afrikaans. Used widely in towns and gold, diamond, coal, and copper mining areas. Originated in the 19th century. 'Fanagolo' and most or all other names are pejorative. Trade language. Dictionary. Second language only.

Also spoken in:

Zambia

Language name	FANAGOLO
Population	Several hundred speakers (1975 Reinecke).
Alternate names	'FANAKALO', 'FANEKOLO', PIKI, ISIPIKI, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, BASIC ZULU, 'KITCHEN KAFFIR', 'MINE KAFFIR', 'ISIKULA'
Dialects	CIKABANGA.
Comments	Influenced by Bemba in Zambia. Rejected by most Africans because it was imported from Zimbabwe and South Africa by Europeans who did not want Africans to learn English (Adler 1977). Trade language. Second language only. See main entry under South Africa.

Zimbabwe

Language name	FANAGOLO
Population	Several hundred thousand speakers (1975 Reinecke).
Alternate names	'FANAKALO', 'FANEKOLO', PIKI, ISIPIKI, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, 'KITCHEN KAFFIR', 'MINE KAFFIR', 'ISIKULA'
Dialects	CHILAPALAPA.
Comments	About 70% of the vocabulary comes from Zulu, 24% from English, 6% from Afrikaans. Influenced by Shona in Zimbabwe. Used widely in towns and mining areas. Trade language. Second language only. See main entry under South Africa.