Canada

English

[eng] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). 19,400,000 in Canada (2011 census). 820,000 L1 speakers in Quebec (1995 census); plus 1,500,000 in Quebec whose L1 or L2 is English (1995 census).

French

[fra] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). 7,300,000 in Canada (2011 census). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontarien.

2 (Provincial)

Inuinnaqtun

[ikt] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. 410 (2011 census). All Inuktitut languages 32,800 (2001 census).

Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian

[ike] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Nunavut Territory (1988, Inuit Language Protection Act, Chapter 17). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. 34,100 (2011 census). All Inuktitut varieties 32,800 (2001 census).

5 (Developing)

American Sign Language

[ase] 5 (Developing). 3,660 in Canada (2011 census).

Atikamekw

[atj] 5 (Developing). 5,920 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3000 (Golla 2007).

Cree, Northern East

[crl] 5 (Developing). 5,310 (1997 MSSS).

Cree, Plains

[crk] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. 160 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 260. Ethnic population: 53,000.

Cree, Southern East

[crj] 5 (Developing). 7,310 (1997 MSSS).

Dogrib

[dgr] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4), restricted offical use. 2,080 (2011 census). 12% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,220.

German, Pennsylvania

[pdc] 5 (Developing). 15,000 in Canada (1995).

Naskapi

[nsk] 5 (Developing). 620 (2011 census). 800 Western Naskapi, 500 Eastern Naskapi (Golla 2007).

Plautdietsch

[pdt] 5 (Developing). 80,000 in Canada (Salminen 2007). Population total all countries: 394,900.

6a (Vigorous)

Hutterisch

[geh] 6a (Vigorous). 29,200 in Canada (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 40,000.

Quebec Sign Language

[fcs] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (2010 E. Parks).

6b (Threatened)

Algonquin

[alq] 6b (Threatened). 1,760 (2011 census), decreasing. Less than 10% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987 SIL).

Cree, Moose

[crm] 6b (Threatened). 3000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1982 SIL).

Cree, Swampy

[csw] 6b (Threatened). 85 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,800 (Golla 2007).

Cree, Woods

[cwd] 6b (Threatened). 75 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 53,000 (1982 SIL).

Dakota

[dak] 6b (Threatened). 1,660 in Canada (2011 census). 25,000 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 103,000. Of these, 4,760 reside in Canada (Golla 2007).

Dene

[chp] 6b (Threatened). Recognized language (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. 11,900 (2011 census).

Lakota

[lkt] 6b (Threatened). 190 in Canada (2000). 25,000 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 103,000. Of these 4,760 reside in Canada (Golla 2007).

Micmac

[mic] 6b (Threatened). 8,040 in Canada (2011 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. 8,150 L1 speakers in Canada and the United States (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 8,270. Ethnic population: 14,200 in Canada (1998 SIL). In Canada, 1,500 are in mainland Nova Scotia, 4,000 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 800 on Prince Edward Island and Lennox Island, 4,550 on the east coast of New Brunswick, 3,150 on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 200 in Newfoundland. 20,000 in both Canada and the United States (Golla 2007).

Mohawk

[moh] 6b (Threatened). 540 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 3,540. Ethnic population: 24,000 in Canada, 30,000 including the United States (1999 SIL).

Montagnais

[moe] 6b (Threatened). 11,000 (2011 census). Includes 5,870 Western Montagnais, and 2,620 Eastern Montagnais. 10,500 L1 speakers of Montagnais and Naskapi [nsk] (2001 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1996 D. Myers).

Ojibwa, Central

[ojc] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2007 SIL). 2001 census lists all Ojibwa varieties together as 30,500 population.

Ojibwa, Eastern

[ojg] 6b (Threatened). 25,900 (1998 census). 2001 census lists all Ojibwa varieties together as 30,500 population.

Ojibwa, Severn

[ojs] 6b (Threatened). 10,500 (2001 census).

Ojibwa, Western

[ojw] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2002 W. Poser). 2001 census lists all Ojibwa varieties together as 30,500 population. Ethnic population: 60,000 (1997 SIL).

Stoney

[sto] 6b (Threatened). 3,160 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,200 (Golla 2007).

7 (Shifting)

Babine

[bcr] 7 (Shifting). 300 (Golla 2007). 100 fluent speakers and 100 passive speakers of Wetsuwet’en. 200 speakers of all degrees of fluency of Babine Proper (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 250 (Babine Proper).

Blackfoot

[bla] 7 (Shifting). 3,250 in Canada (2011 census), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Population total all countries: 3,350. Ethnic population: 15,000.

Carrier

[crx] 7 (Shifting). 1,530 (2011 census). Census does not separate Babine [bcr], Central Carrier[crx], and Southern Carrier [caf]. All Athapaskan L1 speakers in Canada 20,100 (1998 census). Ethnic population: 4,000 (Golla 2007).

Chilcotin

[clc] 7 (Shifting). 930 (2011 census). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,500.

Gitxsan

[git] 7 (Shifting). 930 (2011 census).

Gwich’in

[gwi] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4). 370 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 670. Ethnic population: 1,900 (Krauss 2007).

Haisla

[has] 7 (Shifting). 170 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 600 (Golla 2007).

Heiltsuk

[hei] 7 (Shifting). 90 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,570 (Golla 2007).

Inuktitut, North Alaskan

[esi] 7 (Shifting). All Inuktitut varieties 32,800 (2001 census).

Kaska

[kkz] 7 (Shifting). 300 (2011 census). 150 additional passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 900 (1995 M. Krauss).

Kwakiutl

[kwk] 7 (Shifting). 500 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 585. Ethnic population: 3,500 (Golla 2007).

Lillooet

[lil] 7 (Shifting). 310 (2011 census).

Malecite-Passamaquoddy

[pqm] 7 (Shifting). 490 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 590. Ethnic population: 3,000 to 4,000 (1998 SIL).

Michif

[crg] 7 (Shifting). 650 in Canada (2011 census). 2001 Canada census includes Michif among 1,000 Algonquin speakers not counted elsewhere.

Nisga’a

[ncg] 7 (Shifting). 610 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 5,400 (Krauss 1997).

Ojibwa, Northwestern

[ojb] 7 (Shifting). 20,000 (2000 UBS). 2001 census lists all Ojibwa varieties together as 30,500 population.

Okanagan

[oka] 7 (Shifting). 370 in Canada (2011 census), increasing. Except for 12 fluent speakers on Westbank Reserve, the other reserves each have at least 50 speakers of varying fluency, Vernon Reserve perhaps 100 (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 770.

Oneida

[one] 7 (Shifting). 180 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 192. Ethnic population: 3,000 on Thames River near London, Ontario (Golla 2007).

Ottawa

[otw] 7 (Shifting). 7,100 in Canada (1996 First Nations Language of Origin Map). Nishnaabemwin is an emergent language, fusion of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwa [ojg], having a couple thousand speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 60,000.

Shuswap

[shs] 7 (Shifting). 680 (2011 census), increasing. 1,260 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 6,500 (1990 D. Kinkade).

Slavey, North

[scs] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4). 230 (2011 census). Bearlake dialect: L1 population: 580, ethnic population: 1,070. Hare dialect: L1 population: 145, ethnic population: 710. Mountain dialect: L1 population: 100, ethnic population: 170 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,940 (Golla 2007).

Slavey, South

[xsl] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56(Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. 530 (2011 census). 1,260 in Northwest Territories, 500 in northern British Columbia, 1,500 in Alberta (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,600 (1995 M. Krauss).

Tanana, Upper

[tau] 7 (Shifting). 10 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 40 (1997 M. Krauss).

Thompson

[thp] 7 (Shifting). 440 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Golla 2007).

Tsimshian

[tsi] 7 (Shifting). 280 in Canada (2011 census). 1 speaker of Southern Tsimshian; the rest speak Coast Tsimshian (Golla 2007). 2001 Canada census lists 505 in Canada. Population total all countries: 350. Ethnic population: 6,780 (Golla 2007).

Tutchone, Northern

[ttm] 7 (Shifting). 210 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (Golla 2007).

Tutchone, Southern

[tce] 7 (Shifting). 140 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Golla 2007).

8a (Moribund)

Assiniboine

[asb] 8a (Moribund). 150 L1 speakers for Canada and the United States; 3,500 ethnic population for Canada and the United States (Golla 2007).

Beaver

[bea] 8a (Moribund). 370 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 600 (1987 SIL).

Carrier, Southern

[caf] 8a (Moribund). 500 (1987 SIL). 2,060 identified in 2001. Census does not separate Babine [bcr], Central Carrier [crx], and Southern Carrier. All Athapaskan L1 speakers in Canada 20,100 (1998 census).

Cayuga

[cay] 8a (Moribund). 240 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 250. Ethnic population: 3,000 (Yamamoto 2007).

Comox

[coo] 8a (Moribund). 40 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Golla 2007).

Haida, Northern

[hdn] 8a (Moribund). 30 in Canada (1995 M. Krauss). Population of 270 reported in 2001 census may include Northern [hdn] and Southern [hax] Haida. Population total all countries: 45. Ethnic population: 750 (Golla 2007).

Haida, Southern

[hax] 8a (Moribund). 10 (Krauss 1997). Population of 270 reported in 2001 census may include Northern [hdn] and Southern [hax] Haida. Ethnic population: 500 (Golla 2007).

Halkomelem

[hur] 8a (Moribund). 570 in Canada (2011 census). 100 additional passive speakers. Population total all countries: 595. Ethnic population: 6,700 (Golla 2007).

Irish

[gle] 8a (Moribund). 10 in Canada (2001 census).

Kutenai

[kut] 8a (Moribund). 100 in Canada (2011 census). Population total all countries: 106.

Onondaga

[ono] 8a (Moribund). 40 in Canada (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 52.

Potawatomi

[pot] 8a (Moribund). 50 L1 speakers in the United States and Canada, most in the United States.

Sechelt

[sec] 8a (Moribund). 15 (Golla 2007). Up to 45 speakers of varying degrees of fluency: 15 fully fluent with an additional 10 to 15 who can carry on conversations (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 700 (Golla 2007).

Squamish

[squ] 8a (Moribund). 70 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Golla 2007).

Tahltan

[tht] 8a (Moribund). 130 (2011 census). 5 fluent speakers, 15 passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 100 (Golla 2007).

Tlingit

[tli] 8a (Moribund). 130 in Canada (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,000 in Canada (1995 M. Krauss).

8b (Reintroduced)

Bella Coola

[blc] 8b (Reintroduced). 20 (Golla 2007), increasing. Ethnic population: 700 (Kinkade 1991).

Chinook Wawa

[chn] 8b (Reintroduced). 83 in Canada (1962), increasing. Population total all countries: 723.

8b (Nearly extinct)

Abenaki, Western

[abe] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 in Canada (Golla 2007).

Ditidaht

[dtd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 11 (2010 A. Werle). Ethnic population: 920.

Han

[haa] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 300.

Maritime Sign Language

[nsr] 8b (Nearly extinct).

Munsee

[umu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (Kinkade 1991). Ethnic population: 400 (Kinkade 1991).

Nuu-chah-nulth

[nuk] 8b (Nearly extinct). 320 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 7,760.

Salish, Straits

[str] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 in Canada (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 25. Ethnic population: 3,020 (2001 census).

Sarsi

[srs] 8b (Nearly extinct). 170 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL).

Sekani

[sek] 8b (Nearly extinct). 60 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 600 (1997 S. Hargus).

Tagish

[tgx] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (Krauss 1997). One semi-fluent speaker and one elderly deaf speaker in 2001 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 400 possibly (Krauss 1997).

Tuscarora

[tus] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 in Canada (Kinkade 1991). Population total all countries: 9.

9 (Dormant)

Wyandot

[wya] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in Canada.

Ethnologue

Canada

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