China

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 1 (National). De facto national language. 840,000,000 in China (2000 census), increasing. 70% of Chinese language users speak a Mandarin dialect as L1. Population total all countries: 847,755,970.

2 (Provincial)

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Guangdong Province. 52,000,000 in China (1984). Population total all countries: 62,239,960.

Kyrgyz

[kir] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 160,000 in China (2000 census). Older adults monolingual. 60,000 Northern Kirghiz, 40,000 Southern Kirghiz (Shearer and Sun Hong Kai 2002). Ethnic population: 161,000 (2000 census).

Lü

[khb] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in South Yunnan and other places (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 280,000 in China (2000 census). 50% monolingual. Population total all countries: 690,960.

Mongolian, Peripheral

[mvf] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other places (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 3,380,000 in China (1982). 2,500,000 are monolingual. Population includes 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000 Khorain, 593,00 Karachin, 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine.

Tibetan, Central

[bod] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 1,070,000 in China (1990 census). 86% monolinguals. 570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the official nationality. Population total all countries: 1,178,470.

Uyghur

[uig] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 8,400,000 in China (2000 census). Most are monolingual. 4,700,000 Central Uyghur, 1,150,000 Hotan, 25,000 Lop. Population total all countries: 8,791,610.

3 (Wider communication)

Zhuang, Nong

[zhn] 3 (Wider communication). 500,000 (Wang Mingfu and Johnson 2008). 25% monolingual. Ethnic population: 600,000 (2007).

4 (Educational)

Kazakh

[kaz] 4 (Educational). 1,250,000 in China (2000 census). 85% are monolingual. 830,000 Northeastern Kazakh, 70,000 Southwestern Kazakh (1982).

Korean

[kor] 4 (Educational). 1,920,000 in China (2000 census). 1,200,000 monolinguals.

Lahu

[lhu] 4 (Educational). 280,000 in China (Bradley 2007). Population total all countries: 530,350.

Naxi

[nxq] 4 (Educational). 300,000 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. Used by most ethnic Naxi as L1. Ethnic population: 300,000.

Nuosu

[iii] 4 (Educational). 2,000,000 (2000 census), increasing. 60% monolinguals (Jiafa 1994).

Tai Nüa

[tdd] 4 (Educational). 540,000 in China (Zhou Yaowen and Luo Meizhen 2001). Population total all countries: 717,400. Ethnic population: 610,000 (Zhou Yaowen and Luo Meizhen 2001). 1,158,989 (1990 census), including Tai Lü, Tai Hongjin, Tai Ya, Tai Dam and Tai Dón.

5 (Dispersed)

Russian

[rus] 5 (Dispersed). 2,940 in China (Shearer and Sun Hong Kai 2002). Ethnic population: 15,600 (2000 census).

Uzbek, Northern

[uzn] 5 (Dispersed). 5,000 in China (2000 A. Chentgshiliang). Ethnic population: 12,400 (2000 census).

5 (Developing)

Akha

[ahk] 5 (Developing). 240,000 in China (Bradley 2007), increasing. Ethnic population: 240,000 (Bradley 2007).

Chinese Sign Language

[csl] 5 (Developing). Ethnic population: 20,040,000 deaf persons in China (2006 China Disabled Persons’ Federation).

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] 5 (Developing). 25,700,000 in China (1984). Population total all countries: 30,082,810.

Chinese, Min Bei

[mnp] 5 (Developing). 10,300,000 in China (1984). Population total all countries: 10,304,000.

Chinese, Min Dong

[cdo] 5 (Developing). 8,820,000 in China (2000). Population total all countries: 9,115,930.

Chinese, Pu-Xian

[cpx] 5 (Developing). 2,520,000 in China (2000). Population total all countries: 2,558,800.

Chinese, Wu

[wuu] 5 (Developing). 77,200,000 in China (1984). Population total all countries: 77,202,480.

Hmong Daw

[mww] 5 (Developing). 233,000 in China (2004). All Hmong in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Population total all countries: 1,698,400. Ethnic population: 8,950,000.

Iu Mien

[ium] 5 (Developing). 383,000 in China (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995). Population total all countries: 819,835.

Lahu Shi

[lhi] 5 (Developing). 117,000 in China (Bradley 2007), increasing. Few monolinguals. Population total all countries: 196,200. Ethnic population: 120,000.

Lisu

[lis] 5 (Developing). 600,000 in China (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 942,700.

Miao, Chuanqiandian Cluster

[cqd] 5 (Developing). 1,400,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Large Flowery

[hmd] 5 (Developing). 300,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Northern Qiandong

[hea] 5 (Developing). 1,250,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995), decreasing.

Nasu, Wusa

[yig] 5 (Developing). 500,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700,000.

Shan

[shn] 5 (Developing).

Tai Dam

[blt] 5 (Developing). 10,000 in China (1995).

Wa, Parauk

[prk] 5 (Developing). 399,000 in China (2008 P. Hopple). Speaker population based on 2000 census.

Wa, Vo

[wbm] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (Zhou Zhizhi, Qixiang Yan, and Guoqing Chen 2004). Many monolinguals.

Yi, Wuding-Luquan

[ywq] 5 (Developing). 250,000 (2007).

Zaiwa

[atb] 5 (Developing). 80,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 20,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 110,000.

6a (Vigorous)

Alugu

[aub] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,500.

Azha

[aza] 6a (Vigorous). 53,000 (2007).

Azhe

[yiz] 6a (Vigorous). 54,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 60,000.

Bai, Central

[bca] 6a (Vigorous). 800,000 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 800,000.

Bai, Northern

[bfc] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2003).

Bai, Southern

[bfs] 6a (Vigorous). 400,000 (2003).

Biao

[byk] 6a (Vigorous). 80,000 (Liang Min and Zhang Junru 2002). 10,000 women and small children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 120,000.

Biao Mon

[bmt] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Biao-Jiao Mien

[bje] 6a (Vigorous). 43,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995). Biaomin (Dongshan) has a much larger speaker population (approximately 35,700) than Jiaogong (Shikou; approximately 10,900).

Biyo

[byo] 6a (Vigorous). 120,000 (Bradley 1997).

Blang

[blr] 6a (Vigorous). 42,000 in China (2000 census). Population total all countries: 55,200.

Bokha

[ybk] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 12,000.

Bouyei

[pcc] 6a (Vigorous). 2,600,000 in China (2000 census). Population total all countries: 2,649,200. Ethnic population: 2,945,000 (2000 census).

Bugan

[bbh] 6a (Vigorous). 2,700 (Yunbin 2005).

Bumang

[bvp] 6a (Vigorous). 200 (2007).

Cao Miao

[cov] 6a (Vigorous). 63,600 (2000).

Chadong

[cdy] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (Li Jinfang 2006).

Chinese, Gan

[gan] 6a (Vigorous). 20,600,000 (1984).

Chinese, Huizhou

[czh] 6a (Vigorous). 4,600,000 (2000 census). Jixi dialect: 988,000; Xiuyi dialect: 861,000; Qide dialect: 798,000; Yanzhou dialect: 638,000; Jingzhan dialect: 134,000.

Chinese, Jinyu

[cjy] 6a (Vigorous). 45,000,000 (1995).

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] 6a (Vigorous). 25,700,000 in China (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). 3% of the population, including 1,000,000 Xiamen dialect (1988 census), 6,000,000 Quanzhou dialect (Quanzhoushi Fangyan Zhi). Population total all countries: 46,757,560.

Chinese, Min Zhong

[czo] 6a (Vigorous). 3,100,000 (2000 census).

Chinese, Xiang

[hsn] 6a (Vigorous). 36,000,000 in China (1984). Population total all countries: 36,000,290.

Cun

[cuq] 6a (Vigorous). 80,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 59% monolingual, mainly children, elders, and some women.

Dong, Southern

[kmc] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000.

Drung

[duu] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 in China (2000 census). 95% monolingual. 8,500 in Nu River dialect, 5,500 in Dulong River dialect. Total population all countries: 14,000. Population total all countries: 14,225.

Duoluo

[giw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 in China (1987 Z. Guo-qiao). Population total all countries: 1,220.

Dzao Min

[bpn] 6a (Vigorous). 60,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Enu

[enu] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (Dai Qingxia and Duan Kuangle 1995).

Gepo

[ygp] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 (2007), decreasing.

Groma

[gro] 6a (Vigorous). 12,800 in China (1993). Population total all countries: 26,800.

Hagei

[giq] 6a (Vigorous).

Hani

[hni] 6a (Vigorous). 740,000 in China (Bradley 2007). 60% of the official nationality are monolingual. Population total all countries: 758,620.

Hlai

[lic] 6a (Vigorous). 667,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 160,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,248,000 (2000 census) including approximately 52,300 Jiamao [jio] speakers.

Hmong Njua

[hnj] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 in China (Hattaway 2000).

Honi

[how] 6a (Vigorous). 140,000 (Bradley 2007).

Horpa

[ero] 6a (Vigorous). 45,000 (Shearer and Sun Hong Kai 2002). 15,000 monolinguals. sTau: 23,000, Geshitsa: 21,000, Nyagrong-Minyak: 1,000.

Jiamao

[jio] 6a (Vigorous). 52,300 (Wurm et al. 1987).

Jiarong

[jya] 6a (Vigorous). 83,000 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,000 including 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,200 in Chabao and Sidaba (Lin Xiangrong 1993).

Jingpho

[kac] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 50% monolingual. Ethnic population: 132,000 including Atsi [atb], Maru [mhx] and Lashi [lsi] speakers (2000 census).

Kaduo

[ktp] 6a (Vigorous). 180,000 in China (Bradley 2007), increasing. Many monolinguals. Population total all countries: 185,000.

Kang

[kyp] 6a (Vigorous). 34,100 in China (1993).

Kemiehua

[kfj] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991).

Khuen

[khf] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 in China (1993).

Kim Mun

[mji] 6a (Vigorous). 200,000 in China (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995). 61,000 in Hainan Province (2000 census). Population total all countries: 374,500.

Kon Keu

[kkn] 6a (Vigorous). 6,300 (2000).

Kua-nsi

[ykn] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2009 SIL).

Kuamasi

[yku] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2011 SIL).

Kuanhua

[xnh] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991).

Kyerung

[kgy] 6a (Vigorous). 100 in China (2002). Population total all countries: 4,890.

Lakkia

[lbc] 6a (Vigorous). 9,000 (Bradley 2007). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Bradley 2007).

Lama

[lay] 6a (Vigorous). 60,000 (1995).

Lang’e

[yne] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2007).

Lavrung

[jiq] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (1993 Lin).

Limi

[ylm] 6a (Vigorous). 29,000 (2002).

Lingao

[onb] 6a (Vigorous). 600,000 (2000 Liang Min). 100,000 monolinguals. 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan.

Lolopo

[ycl] 6a (Vigorous). 380,000 (2007).

Lolopo, Southern

[ysp] 6a (Vigorous). 190,000 (2002).

Lopi

[lov] 6a (Vigorous).

Man Met

[mml] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (1990 J-O. Svantesson).

Miao, Central Huishui

[hmc] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Central Mashan

[hmm] 6a (Vigorous). 70,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Eastern Huishui

[hme] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Eastern Qiandong

[hmq] 6a (Vigorous). 350,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Eastern Xiangxi

[muq] 6a (Vigorous). 80,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Horned

[hrm] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (Hattaway 2000).

Miao, Luopohe

[hml] 6a (Vigorous). 61,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Northern Guiyang

[huj] 6a (Vigorous). 84,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Northern Huishui

[hmi] 6a (Vigorous). 70,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Northern Mashan

[hmp] 6a (Vigorous). 35,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Small Flowery

[sfm] 6a (Vigorous). 84,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Southern Guiyang

[hmy] 6a (Vigorous). 28,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Southern Mashan

[hma] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Southern Qiandong

[hms] 6a (Vigorous). 500,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995). All Miao in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census).

Miao, Southwestern Guiyang

[hmg] 6a (Vigorous). 70,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Southwestern Huishui

[hmh] 6a (Vigorous). 56,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Western Mashan

[hmw] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Miao, Western Xiangxi

[mmr] 6a (Vigorous). 820,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995), decreasing.

Muji, Southern

[ymc] 6a (Vigorous). 26,000 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 28,000.

Narua

[nru] 6a (Vigorous). 47,000 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 47,000.

Nisi

[yso] 6a (Vigorous). 36,000 (2002), decreasing.

Nisu, Northwestern

[nsf] 6a (Vigorous). 24,000 (2004 SIL). 7,000 in Yunlong, 7,000 in Yangbi, 8,000 in Yongping districts (2004).

Nusu

[nuf] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 in China (Bradley 2007). 1,000 monolinguals. 2,000 Northern Nusu; 4,000 Southern; 6,000 Central. Population total all countries: 12,670.

Pumi, Northern

[pmi] 6a (Vigorous). 35,000 (1999). 10,000 monolinguals. 5,000 in Pumi nationality, 30,000 in Tibetan nationality (1994).

Pumi, Southern

[pmj] 6a (Vigorous). 19,000 (1999). 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (2000 census).

Qau

[gqu] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2011 SIL).

Sani

[ysn] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 (2007).

Sinicized Miao

[hmz] 6a (Vigorous). 250,000 in China (Hattaway 2000). Population total all countries: 252,000.

Sonaga

[ysg] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2009 SIL).

sTodsde

[jih] 6a (Vigorous). 4,100 (2004).

Sui

[swi] 6a (Vigorous). 300,000 in China (2007 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 300,120. Ethnic population: 407,000 (2000 census).

Tai Dón

[twh] 6a (Vigorous). 15,000 in China (2000 census). Population figure 90% of Dai nationality in Jinping County in 2000.

Tai Hongjin

[tiz] 6a (Vigorous). 85,000 (2000 census).

Tai Ya

[cuu] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 in China (2000 census). Population total all countries: 50,400. Ethnic population: 50,000 (Based on county level Dai populations from 2000 census).

Tibetan, Amdo

[adx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,800,000 (2005 C. Lhungrub).

Tibetan, Khams

[khg] 6a (Vigorous). 1,380,000 in China (1994). 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern. Population total all countries: 1,380,300.

Tseku

[tsk] 6a (Vigorous). 12,600 in China (2000). Population total all countries: 19,000.

Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe

[zch] 6a (Vigorous). 1,080,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe

[zeh] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Guibei

[zgb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Guibian

[zgn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000 (2007). Under 25% monolingual.

Zhuang, Lianshan

[zln] 6a (Vigorous). 48,000 (2007 census).

Zhuang, Liujiang

[zlj] 6a (Vigorous). 1,560,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Liuqian

[zlq] 6a (Vigorous). 370,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Minz

[zgm] 6a (Vigorous). 173,000 (2004).

Zhuang, Qiubei

[zqe] 6a (Vigorous). 140,000 (2007 census). Under 25% monolingual. Ethnic population: 150,000.

Zhuang, Yang

[zyg] 6a (Vigorous). 765,000 in China (2004). 745,000 in the Dejing area (Jingxi, Napo, and Debao Counties, Guangxi).

Zhuang, Yongbei

[zyb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,980,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Yongnan

[zyn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,800,000 in China (2000 J. Edmondson). Population total all countries: 1,810,000.

Zhuang, Youjiang

[zyj] 6a (Vigorous). 870,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Zuojiang

[zzj] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500,000 in China (2000 census). 35,000 in Jingxi and Napo counties. Population total all countries: 1,840,000.

6b (Threatened)

Ache

[yif] 6b (Threatened). 35,000 (2003).

Ai-Cham

[aih] 6b (Threatened). 2,700 (2000).

Ainu

[aib] 6b (Threatened). 6,570 (2000).

Awa

[vwa] 6b (Threatened). 98,000 (Zhou Zhizhi, Qixiang Yan, and Guoqing Chen 2004). Masan Dialect: 33,000 in Ximeng County; Xiyun Dialect: 2,200 in Lancang and Menglian counties; Dawangnuo Dialect: 30,000 in Menglian and Ximeng counties; Awalei Dialect: 2,200 in Ximeng County; Awa proper: 30,600 In Lancan County.

Awu

[yiu] 6b (Threatened). 20,000 (2002).

Axi

[yix] 6b (Threatened). 100,000 (Bradley 2007), decreasing. Elderly and women over 35 are monolingual.

Baima

[bqh] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Bradley 2007). Older adults and a few middle aged are monolingual. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Bradley 2007).

Bisu

[bzi] 6b (Threatened). 240 in China (Xu Shixuan 2005). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 240.

Bunu, Bu-Nao

[bwx] 6b (Threatened). 258,000 (McConnell 1995). 97,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 439,000 (1982 census). 100,000 ethnic Bunu speak Central Hongshuihe Zhuang [zch] as L1.

Bunu, Jiongnai

[pnu] 6b (Threatened). 1,080 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 270 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007).

Buxinhua

[bgk] 6b (Threatened). 200 in China (1994). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007).

Buyang, Baha

[yha] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Li Jinfang 1997), decreasing.

Darang Deng

[mhu] 6b (Threatened). 850 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 750 are monolingual.

Dong, Northern

[doc] 6b (Threatened). 463,000 in China (2003).

Dongxiang

[sce] 6b (Threatened). 200,000 (Bradley 2007). 80,000 monolinguals. Half in Suonanba dialect. Ethnic population: 514,000 (Bradley 2007).

[eee] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (Edmondson 1992).

[hmj] 6b (Threatened). 60,000 (Wang Fushi and Mao Zhongwu 1995).

Geman Deng

[mxj] 6b (Threatened). 200 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai), decreasing.

Guiqiong

[gqi] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (2000 Sun Hong Kai). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Hlersu

[hle] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (2007), decreasing.

[huo] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Li Jinfang 2006).

Jinuo, Buyuan

[jiy] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (1994). Most monolingual. Ethnic population: All Jinuo: 20,900 (Bradley 2007).

Jinuo, Youle

[jiu] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: All Jinuo: 20,900 (Bradley 2007).

Kathu

[ykt] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (2007), decreasing.

Khlula

[ykl] 6b (Threatened). 21,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000.

Khmu

[kjg] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 in China (1990).

Kucong

[lkc] 6b (Threatened). 40,000 in China (Bradley 2007), decreasing.

Ladakhi

[lbj] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 in China (1995).

Lalo, Central

[ywt] 6b (Threatened). 213,000 (2010 SIL). Over 500,000 in subgroup; many living further west, south or east do not speak the language; less than half are speakers, not all fluent and not many children (Bradley 2007).

Lalo, Dongshanba

[yik] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (2002). Over 500,000 in the ethnic group.

Lalu, Western

[ywl] 6b (Threatened). 38,000 (2002).

Laomian

[lwm] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007).

Lashi

[lsi] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 in China (1997).

Lhaovo

[mhx] 6b (Threatened). 3,500 in China (2000).

Lhomi

[lhm] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 in China.

Lipo

[lpo] 6b (Threatened). 250,000 (Bradley 2007). Few monolinguals.

Luoba, Boga’er

[adi] 6b (Threatened). 1,090 in China (1999 O. Jueya). 400 monolinguals.

Luoba, Yidu

[clk] 6b (Threatened). 80 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 50 monolinguals.

Mang

[zng] 6b (Threatened). 500 in China. Ethnic population: 1,220 (Bradley 2007).

Maonan

[mmd] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (2005 GXLOUS), decreasing. A few thousand women and children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 107,000 (2000 census).

Mili

[ymh] 6b (Threatened). 23,000 (2002).

Monba, Cuona

[twm] 6b (Threatened). 1,300 in China (2000 census). Less than half monolingual: Young children, older people, some young adults. 600 Southern Cuona, 700 Northern Cuona.

Muda

[ymd] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2007), decreasing.

Mulam

[mlm] 6b (Threatened). 86,000 (2005 GXLOUS). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 210,000 (2000 census).

Muya

[mvm] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Bradley 2007), decreasing. About 2,000 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Bradley 2007).

Naluo

[ylo] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (Bradley 2007). Mostly in Yunnan, with about 2,000 in Pingjiang and Futian townships of Panzhihua (Bradley 2007).

Namuyi

[nmy] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (Bradley 2007). 200 monolinguals, mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007).

Nasu, Wumeng

[ywu] 6b (Threatened). 150,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 200,000.

Nisu, Eastern

[nos] 6b (Threatened). 75,000 (2004), decreasing.

Nisu, Northern

[yiv] 6b (Threatened). 160,000, decreasing.

Nisu, Southern

[nsd] 6b (Threatened). 210,000 (2007), decreasing.

Nisu, Southwestern

[nsv] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (2007), decreasing.

Pa Di

[pdi] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 in China. Population total all countries: 1,300.

Pa-Hng

[pha] 6b (Threatened). 26,800 in China (McConnell 1995). 10,000 monolinguals. 45,000 total ethnic population in China and Vietnam (Bradley 2007). Population total all countries: 33,610. Ethnic population: 26,800 in China.

Palaung, Ruching

[pce] 6b (Threatened). 9,000 in China (2000).

Palaung, Rumai

[rbb] 6b (Threatened). 3,600 in China (2000 census).

Palaung, Shwe

[pll] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Total De’ang nationality in China 17,900, including speakers of Rumai Palaung, Pale Palaung and Riang (Pale being largest) (2000 census).

Phala

[ypa] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000.

Phola

[ypg] 6b (Threatened). 13,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000.

Phola, Alo

[ypo] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 500.

Pholo

[yip] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000.

Phowa, Ani

[ypn] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 10,000.

Phowa, Hlepho

[yhl] 6b (Threatened). 36,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000.

Phowa, Labo

[ypb] 6b (Threatened). 17,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 21,000.

Phukha

[phh] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 in China (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 7,000.

Phuma

[ypm] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 8,000.

Phupa

[ypp] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000.

Phupha

[yph] 6b (Threatened). 1,300 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500.

Phuza

[ypz] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000.

Queyu

[qvy] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (1995).

Salar

[slr] 6b (Threatened). 70,000 (2002), increasing. 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 105,000 (2000 census).

Sangkong

[sgk] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (1995 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000.

Sarikoli

[srh] 6b (Threatened). 16,000 (2000 G. Erqing). Ethnic population: 20,400 (2000 G. Erqing).

Sherpa

[xsr] 6b (Threatened). 800 in China (1994).

Shixing

[sxg] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,000 or fewer monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Talu

[yta] 6b (Threatened). 13,600 (2007), decreasing.

Tanglang

[ytl] 6b (Threatened). 950 (Bradley 2007), decreasing.

T’en

[tct] 6b (Threatened). 20,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Thopho

[ytp] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500.

Tsat

[huq] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Tshangla

[tsj] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 8,920 (2000 census). Includes Moinba (Cuona Monba) [twm] speakers.

Tuva

[tyv] 6b (Threatened). 2,400 in China (1999 W. Hongwei). No monolinguals.

Vietnamese

[vie] 6b (Threatened). 7,200 in China (1999 O. Jueya).

Waxianghua

[wxa] 6b (Threatened). 300,000 (1995).

Xibe

[sjo] 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 30,000 (2000 A. Jun). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 189,000 (2000 census).

Yerong

[yrn] 6b (Threatened). 380 (2000).

Zauzou

[zal] 6b (Threatened). 2,100 (Bradley 2007). About 10% monolingual, mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hong Kai).

Zhaba

[zhb] 6b (Threatened). 7,800 (Genxia Wengmu and Hu Shujin 2008), decreasing. Many young monolingual speakers in Zhaba and Zhamai districts. Most can speak the language (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 9,000 (Gong 2007).

Zhuang, Dai

[zhd] 6b (Threatened). 100,000 in China (Wang Mingfu and Johnson 2008). Very few monolinguals, though it is L1 learned by children in most Dai Zhuang villages. Population total all countries: 100,200. Ethnic population: 120,000.

Zokhuo

[yzk] 6b (Threatened). 13,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,000.

7 (Shifting)

Achang

[acn] 7 (Shifting). 27,700 in China (1990 census). Population total all countries: 62,700. Ethnic population: 34,000 (2000 census).

Akeu

[aeu] 7 (Shifting). 10,000 in China (2007). Population total all countries: 12,400.

Aluo

[yna] 7 (Shifting). 25,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 40,000 (Bradley 2007).

Bonan

[peh] 7 (Shifting). 6,000. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 24,500, including 16,500 Jishishan and 8000 Tongren.

Bunu, Wunai

[bwn] 7 (Shifting). 5,800 (Shearer and Sun Hong Kai 2002), decreasing.

Bunu, Younuo

[buh] 7 (Shifting). 9,720 (McConnell 1995).

Buriat, China

[bxu] 7 (Shifting). 65,000 (1982 census). 47,000 New Bargu, 14,000 Old Bargu, 4,500 Buriat.

Chesu

[ych] 7 (Shifting). 3,300 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 6,600 (Bradley 2007).

Choni

[cda] 7 (Shifting). 154,000 (2004).

Daur

[dta] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hulun Buir League (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 96,100 in China (1999 D. Ying), decreasing. 24,270 monolinguals. 35,000 Buteha dialect, 35,000 Qiqiha’er dialect, 15,500 Haila’er dialect, 4500 Ili dialect. Ethnic population: 132,000 (2000 census).

Ersu

[ers] 7 (Shifting). 20,000 (Shearer and Sun Hong Kai 2002), decreasing. Eastern Ersu (Ersu) 13,000, Central Ersu (Duoxu) 10 or less, Western Ersu (Lizu) 4000.

Evenki

[evn] 7 (Shifting). 11,000 in China (Salminen 2007). Population total all countries: 17,130. Ethnic population: 30,500 (2000 census).

Kalmyk-Oirat

[xal] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1984, Ethnic Regional Autonomy Act, Articles 10 and 21). 130,000 in China (Salminen 2007).

Katso

[kaf] 7 (Shifting). 4,000 (Bradley 1997), decreasing. Most young people are semi-speakers, speaking Chinese instead (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 6,340 (Bradley 2007).

Lalu, Eastern

[yit] 7 (Shifting). 38,000 (2002).

Mak

[mkg] 7 (Shifting). 5,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Miqie

[yiq] 7 (Shifting). 30,000 (Bradley 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000.

Moji

[ymi] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000.

Muji, Northern

[ymx] 7 (Shifting). 9,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 15,000.

Muji, Qila

[ymq] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500.

Muzi

[ymz] 7 (Shifting). 10,000 (2008).

Pela

[bxd] 7 (Shifting). 400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson).

Qiang, Northern

[cng] 7 (Shifting). 57,800 (1999), decreasing. No monolinguals. 14,000 Mawo dialect, 14,000 Weigu dialect, 11,000 Luhua dialect, 8,000 Cimulin dialect, and 9,000 Yadu dialect. 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang languages, including 80,000 as Qiang nationality and 50,000 as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). Ethnic population: 306,000 (2000 census).

Qiang, Southern

[qxs] 7 (Shifting). 81,300 (1999 J. Evans), decreasing. No monolinguals. 8,300 Daqishan dialect, 4,100 Taoping dialect, 3,100 Longxi dialect, 14,500 Mianchi dialect, 31,000 Hehu dialect. Around 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang. 80,000 officially classified within Qiang nationality and speakers 50,000 within Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). Ethnic population: 306,000 (2000 census).

Tatar

[tat] 7 (Shifting). 800 in China (1999 C. Zongzhen), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,890 (2000 census).

Thangmi

[thf] 7 (Shifting). 300 in China (2002).

Tinani

[lbf] 7 (Shifting). 450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

[mjg] 7 (Shifting). 152,000 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 190,000.

[uuu] 7 (Shifting). 40,000 (2000).

Wakhi

[wbl] 7 (Shifting). 6,000 in China. Ethnic population: 41,000 (2000 census) including Sarikoli [srh] speakers.

Wutunhua

[wuh] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1995).

Zakhring

[zkr] 7 (Shifting). 600 in China (Bradley 2007). Population total all countries: 900.

8a (Moribund)

Anong

[nun] 8a (Moribund). 400 in China (Sun Hong Kai 2005). Almost no monolinguals. About 1,000 people live in Anong villages; but less than 400 can speak Anong, as of 1999 (Sun Hong Kai 2005). Ethnic population: 6,500 (Sun Hong Kai 2005).

Bolyu

[ply] 8a (Moribund). 500 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 1,770 (Bradley 2007).

Buyang, E’ma

[yzg] 8a (Moribund). 600 (Li Jinfang 1997).

Buyang, Langnian

[yln] 8a (Moribund). 300 (Li Jinfang 1997), decreasing.

Ili Turki

[ili] 8a (Moribund). 120 in China (1980 R. Hahn), decreasing. The language of about 30 families (Salminen 2007).

Kangjia

[kxs] 8a (Moribund). 1,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007).

Samatao

[ysd] 8a (Moribund). 400 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,810 (Bradley 2007).

Samei

[smh] 8a (Moribund). 20,000 (Bradley 2007). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (Bradley 2007).

Samtao

[stu] 8a (Moribund). 100 in China (1993).

Sanie

[ysy] 8a (Moribund). 8,000 (2007), decreasing. Closer to Kunming spoken only by elderly; further away only by adults; furthest away a few children speak L1, which is being replaced by Chinese and Nasu (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 17,200 (Bradley 2007).

Tujia, Northern

[tji] 8a (Moribund). 70,000 (Brassett and Brassett 2005). 100 monolinguals. Regularly used but increasingly the young prefer to speak Chinese and are encouraged by their parents. In most areas children acquire a passive knowledge only. No longer used in southeastern Sichuan, northeastern Guizhou, and southwestern Hubei provinces. No longer used or moribund in northwestern Hunan and severely endangered in the remaining areas (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 8,030,000 (2000 census).

Tujia, Southern

[tjs] 8a (Moribund). 1,500 (Brassett and Brassett 2005), decreasing. Monolinguals: Monolinguals are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 8,030,000 (2000 census), including 70,000 in Northern Tujia).

Yugur, East

[yuy] 8a (Moribund). 4,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Yugur, West

[ybe] 8a (Moribund). 4,600 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Bradley 2007).

8b (Nearly extinct)

A’ou

[aou] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (2011 SIL).

Ayizi

[yyz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007).

Gelao, Red

[gir] 8b (Nearly extinct). A few speakers.

Khakas

[kjh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 880.

Lachi

[lbt] 8b (Nearly extinct). 200 in China (Bradley 2007), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,600.

Lamu

[llh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 120 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300.

Lawu

[lwu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (2012 C. Yang).

Manchu

[mnc] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (Bradley 2007). Some additional semi-speakers in 3 remote villages (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 10,680,000 (2000 census).

Mulao

[giu] 8b (Nearly extinct). A few elderly speakers.

Nanai

[gld] 8b (Nearly extinct). 40 in China (Salminen 2007). About half speak Sungari dialect, half speak Nanai proper (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 4,640 in China (2000 census).

Oroqen

[orh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1,200 (Li Fengxiang and Whaley 2009). 800 are monolingual. 30% of ethnic group (Salminen 2007). Only 12 fluent speakers in 1990, all over 65 yrs (Li Fengxiang and Whaley 2009). Ethnic population: 8,200 (2000 census).

Qabiao

[laq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 18 in China (2002 Li Yunbing), decreasing. A few fluent elderly speakers in 2001 (Li Jinfang 2006). Ethnic population: 400 (Li Jinfang 2006).

Riang

[ril] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3,000 in China (1995). Ethnic population: 17,900 (2000 census).

She

[shx] 8b (Nearly extinct). 910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 1,200 monolinguals. 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). Ethnic population: 710,000 (2000 census) including 375,000 in Fujian Province, 171,000 in Zhejiang Province 78,000 in Jiangxi Province, 45,000 in Guizhou Province, and 28,000 in Guangdong.

10 (Extinct)

Jurchen

[juc] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Ethnologue

China

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