Indonesia

Indonesian

[ind] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1945, Constitution, Article 36). 22,800,000 in Indonesia (2000), increasing. Population total all countries: 23,200,480.

2 (Provincial)

Javanese

[jav] 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in central and eastern Java. 84,300,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 25,000 in south Sulawesi, and 69,000,000 on Java, 500,000 of them being in Banten region and 2,500,000 in Cirebon region of Java. Population total all countries: 84,308,740.

3 (Wider communication)

Aceh

[ace] 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 3,500,032.

Bakumpai

[bkr] 3 (Wider communication). 100,000 (2003).

Banjar

[bjn] 3 (Wider communication). 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,502,300.

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 3 (Wider communication). 460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing.

Kaili, Ledo

[lew] 3 (Wider communication). 350,000 (2000 census), increasing. 200,000 Ledo, Doi, Ado, and Edo together, 24,000 Ija and Taa together, 63,000 Rai and Raio together, 63,000 Tara. 8,000–10,000 in West Sulawesi.

Kendayan

[knx] 3 (Wider communication). 321,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 331,700.

Lamaholot

[slp] 3 (Wider communication). 180,000 (2010). Many L2 users.

Lawangan

[lbx] 3 (Wider communication). 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Malay, Ambonese

[abs] 3 (Wider communication). 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,020.

Malay, Kupang

[mkn] 3 (Wider communication). 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). 100,000 L2 users.

Malay, Makassar

[mfp] 3 (Wider communication). No known L1 speakers.

Malay, Manado

[xmm] 3 (Wider communication). 850,000 (2001).

Malay, North Moluccan

[max] 3 (Wider communication). 700,000 (2001 SIL). 100,000 monolinguals.

Malay, Papuan

[pmy] 3 (Wider communication). 500,000 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Musi

[mui] 3 (Wider communication). 3,105,000 (2000 census).

Ngaju

[nij] 3 (Wider communication). 890,000 (2003).

Yetfa

[yet] 3 (Wider communication). 1,000 (1996).

4 (Educational)

Sasak

[sas] 4 (Educational). 2,100,000 (1989).

Una

[mtg] 4 (Educational). 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing.

5 (Developing)

Abun

[kgr] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (1995 SIL).

Alune

[alp] 5 (Developing). 17,200 (2000). Largest language in west Seram.

Amarasi

[aaz] 5 (Developing). 70,000 (2011 UBB-GMIT).

Aralle-Tabulahan

[atq] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (1984 SIL).

Auye

[auu] 5 (Developing). 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL).

Awyu, Central

[awu] 5 (Developing). 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).

Bada

[bhz] 5 (Developing). 6,800 (Martens 1989), increasing.

Bakati’, Rara

[lra] 5 (Developing). 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor).

Bakati’, Sara

[sre] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2004 M. Connor).

Balantak

[blz] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 3,000 are monolingual.

Bali

[ban] 5 (Developing). 3,330,000 (2000 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands.

Bambam

[ptu] 5 (Developing). 22,000 (Strømme 1987).

Batak Angkola

[akb] 5 (Developing). 750,000 (1991 UBS).

Batak Dairi

[btd] 5 (Developing). 1,200,000 (1991 UBS).

Batak Karo

[btx] 5 (Developing). 600,000 (1991 UBS).

Batak Simalungun

[bts] 5 (Developing). 1,200,000 (2000).

Batak Toba

[bbc] 5 (Developing). 2,000,000 (1991 UBS).

Bauzi

[bvz] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals.

Bidayuh, Biatah

[bth] 5 (Developing). 8,480 in Indonesia (2000).

Bima

[bhp] 5 (Developing). 500,000 (1989).

Bugis

[bug] 5 (Developing). 5,000,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing.

Citak

[txt] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer).

Dani, Lower Grand Valley

[dni] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1996 SIL).

Dani, Mid Grand Valley

[dnt] 5 (Developing). 50,000 (1990 UBS).

Dani, Upper Grand Valley

[dna] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1996).

Dani, Western

[dnw] 5 (Developing). 180,000 (1993 census).

Dela-Oenale

[row] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (2002 UKAW).

Dhao

[nfa] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh).

Dobel

[kvo] 5 (Developing). 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing. 6,500 plus 1,500 outside the area; 2,700 in Northern Dobel, 1,800 in Straits Dobel, 1,400 in Southeast Dobel.

Duri

[mvp] 5 (Developing). 127,000 (2000 census).

Edopi

[dbf] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (2012 SIL).

Ekari

[ekg] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (1985 M. Doble).

Embaloh

[emb] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1991 NTM).

Galela

[gbi] 5 (Developing). 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi.

Hatam

[had] 5 (Developing). 16,000 (1993 TEAM).

Hawu

[hvn] 5 (Developing). 110,000 (1997). About 30,000 outside Sabu Island.

Helong

[heg] 5 (Developing). 14,000 (Grimes et al. 1997). Ethnic population: 15,000 to 20,000.

Hupla

[hap] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (1982 WT).

Iau

[tmu] 5 (Developing). 600 (2000 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600 or more.

Iban

[iba] 5 (Developing). 15,000 in Indonesia (Benjamin and Chou 2003).

Iha

[ihp] 5 (Developing). 5,500 (1987 SIL).

Kaili, Da’a

[kzf] 5 (Developing). 55,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Many monolinguals. 3,000–5,000 Da’a and Inde in south Sulawesi.

Kambera

[xbr] 5 (Developing). 240,000 (2009).

Ketengban

[xte] 5 (Developing). 9,970 (2000).

Kisar

[kje] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1995 SIL).

Korupun-Sela

[kpq] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1996 E. Young).

Kwerba

[kwe] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1996 SIL).

Loloda

[loa] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun.

Luang

[lex] 5 (Developing). 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals.

Lun Bawang

[lnd] 5 (Developing). 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 47,500.

Madura

[mad] 5 (Developing). 6,770,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), decreasing. 86,000 Bawean. 2000 census reports large population decrease. Due to intermarriage, language attitudes, and other socioeconomic issues, the Madurese population is likely underreported. Population total all countries: 6,770,900.

Mai Brat

[ayz] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1987 SIL).

Mairasi

[zrs] 5 (Developing). 3,300 (1996 SIL).

Malay, Central

[pse] 5 (Developing). 590,000 (2000 census).

Mandar

[mdr] 5 (Developing). 475,000 (2000 census).

Manggarai

[mqy] 5 (Developing). 900,000.

Manikion

[mnx] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (1987 SIL).

Mentawai

[mwv] 5 (Developing). 58,000 (2000 census).

Meyah

[mej] 5 (Developing). 14,800 (2000).

Minangkabau

[min] 5 (Developing). 5,530,000 (2007). 500,000 in Jakarta.

Moni

[mnz] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1991 SIL).

Moskona

[mtj] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1996 SIL).

Mualang

[mtd] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (Tjia 2007).

Nalca

[nlc] 5 (Developing). 11,100 (2000).

Nduga

[ndx] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1985 M. Owen).

Ngalum

[szb] 5 (Developing). 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 18,000.

Nggem

[nbq] 5 (Developing). 4,400 (2005).

Nias

[nia] 5 (Developing). 770,000 (2000 census).

Nipsan

[nps] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot).

Ot Danum

[otd] 5 (Developing). 78,800 (2007 SIL).

Sahu

[saj] 5 (Developing). 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua.

Sangir

[sxn] 5 (Developing). 200,000 in Indonesia (Maryott 1993), increasing. 50,000 Siau, 10,000 Tagulandang. Population total all countries: 255,000.

Sedoa

[tvw] 5 (Developing). 900 (2009 S. Shore). 900 in Sedoa village; 3,000 ethnic Sedoa also live outside the area, but most do not speak Sedoa. Ethnic population: 4,000.

Semandang

[sdm] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2004 M. Connor).

Sentani

[set] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Sikaritai

[tty] 5 (Developing). 800 (1993 R. Doriot).

Silimo

[wul] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (1987 SIL). 50% monolinguals.

Sunda

[sun] 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in western Java. 34,000,000 (2000 census).

Tabaru

[tby] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL).

Tae’

[rob] 5 (Developing). 340,000 (2000 census), increasing.

Talaud

[tld] 5 (Developing). 82,000 (2000 census).

Tarangan, West

[txn] 5 (Developing). 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals.

Tausug

[tsg] 5 (Developing). 12,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Tawoyan

[twy] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Tetun

[tet] 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara province. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Additional 50,000 L2 speakers in both East Timor and Indonesia. Population total all countries: 463,500.

Tobelo

[tlb] 5 (Developing). 27,700 (2000).

Toraja-Sa’dan

[sda] 5 (Developing). 750,000 (2000 census), increasing.

Uab Meto

[aoz] 5 (Developing). 700,000 (2009 census).

Uma

[ppk] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1990 M. Martens), increasing. 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 SIL), 500 in Benggaulu.

Wandamen

[wad] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot).

Wolani

[wod] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (1992 UBS).

Yale, Kosarek

[kkl] 5 (Developing). 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300.

Yali, Angguruk

[yli] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson).

Yali, Ninia

[nlk] 5 (Developing). 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson).

Yali, Pass Valley

[yac] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (1988 SIL).

Yamdena

[jmd] 5 (Developing). 25,000 (1991 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000–40,000 (1991 SIL).

Yawa

[yva] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2011 SIL).

6a (Vigorous)

Abinomn

[bsa] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Clouse, Ma, and Donohue 2002).

Abui

[abz] 6a (Vigorous). 16,000.

Adang

[adn] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2000).

Adonara

[adr] 6a (Vigorous). 98,000 (2008 census).

Airoran

[air] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1998 SIL).

Alor

[aol] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Ambelau

[amv] 6a (Vigorous). 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700.

Ampanang

[apg] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Anakalangu

[akg] 6a (Vigorous). 16,000.

Anasi

[bpo] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot).

Aoheng

[pni] 6a (Vigorous). 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Asmat, Casuarina Coast

[asc] 6a (Vigorous). 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan.

Asmat, North

[nks] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Atohwaim

[aqm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Awyu, Jair

[awv] 6a (Vigorous). 2,300 (2002 SIL).

Awyu, North

[yir] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Babar, Southeast

[vbb] 6a (Vigorous). 4,460 (2007 SIL).

Badui

[bac] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area.

Bagusa

[bqb] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1987 SIL).

Bahau

[bhv] 6a (Vigorous). 19,000 (2007 SIL).

Bangka

[mfb] 6a (Vigorous). 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007).

Barakai

[baj] 6a (Vigorous). 4,450 (2011 SIL).

Batak Alas-Kluet

[btz] 6a (Vigorous). 195,000 (2000 census).

Batak Mandailing

[btm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100,000 (2000 census).

Benyadu’

[byd] 6a (Vigorous). 54,000 (2007).

Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong

[sdo] 6a (Vigorous).

Biga

[bhc] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Remijsen 2001).

Bilba

[bpz] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000.

Biritai

[bqq] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1988 SIL).

Blagar

[beu] 6a (Vigorous). 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Boano

[bzn] 6a (Vigorous). 3,240 (1982).

Bobongko

[bgb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (Mead 2001). 1,100 in Lembanato and 400 in Tumbulawa.

Bolongan

[blj] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002).

Bonerate

[bna] 6a (Vigorous). 9,500 (1987 SIL).

Bukat

[bvk] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Buli

[bzq] 6a (Vigorous). 2,520 (2000).

Bunak

[bfn] 6a (Vigorous). 21,000 in Indonesia (2010).

Bungku

[bkz] 6a (Vigorous). 27,000 (2000 census), increasing.

Burmeso

[bzu] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Donohue 1998).

Buru

[mhs] 6a (Vigorous). 33,000 in Indonesia (1989 SIL). 6,620 Wae Sama, 9,600 Masarete, 14,300 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2,000 in Ambon.

Burusu

[bqr] 6a (Vigorous). 4,350 (2007 SIL).

Campalagian

[cml] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (Strømme 1987).

Cia-Cia

[cia] 6a (Vigorous). 79,000 (2005 SIL).

Citak, Tamnim

[tml] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (1993 R. Doriot).

Col

[liw] 6a (Vigorous). 145,000 (2000 census).

Damar, East

[dmr] 6a (Vigorous). 2,800 (1990 SIL).

Damar, West

[drn] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (1987 SIL).

Dao

[daz] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1991 SIL).

Dem

[dem] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Demisa

[dei] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (Wurm 2000).

Dengka

[dnk] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW).

Diebroud

[tbp] 6a (Vigorous). 275 (2006 Survey report).

Duano

[dup] 6a (Vigorous). 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Population total all countries: 15,600.

Dusun Deyah

[dun] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Duvle

[duv] 6a (Vigorous). 930 (2000).

Eipomek

[eip] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Ende

[end] 6a (Vigorous). 110,000 (2009 census).

Enrekang

[ptt] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (1986 SIL).

Eritai

[ert] 6a (Vigorous). 530 (2000).

Fayu

[fau] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (2012 SIL).

Gamkonora

[gak] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).

Gane

[gzn] 6a (Vigorous). 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur).

Geser-Gorom

[ges] 6a (Vigorous). 36,500 (1989 SIL).

Hovongan

[hov] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991 NTM).

Ili’uun

[ilu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (1990 SIL).

Indonesian Sign Language

[inl] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,000,000 deaf people (1993).

Jangkang

[djo] 6a (Vigorous). 37,000 (2007 SIL).

Kabola

[klz] 6a (Vigorous). 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston).

Kafoa

[kpu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000.

Kaili, Unde

[unz] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Kaiy

[tcq] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (Wurm 2000).

Kalabra

[kzz] 6a (Vigorous). 3,290 (2000).

Kalumpang

[kli] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2012 S. Samboy).

Kamang

[woi] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2011 A. Schapper and M. Manimau).

Kamoro

[kgq] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (1987 SIL).

Kangean

[kkv] 6a (Vigorous). 110,000 (2000 census).

Karey

[kyd] 6a (Vigorous). 610 (2011 SIL).

Karon Dori

[kgw] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (1987 SIL).

Kaur

[vkk] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2000 census).

Kauwera

[xau] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (1987 SIL).

Kayan Mahakam

[xay] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Busang

[bfg] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Kayan River

[xkn] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Mendalam

[xkd] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kedang

[ksx] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2008 census).

Kei

[kei] 6a (Vigorous). 85,000 (2000 E. Travis). 4,500 monolinguals.

Kemak

[kem] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census).

Kembayan

[xem] 6a (Vigorous). 11,000 (2007 SIL).

Kemberano

[bzp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Keninjal

[knl] 6a (Vigorous). 32,000 (2007 SIL).

Ke’o

[xxk] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000.

Ketum

[ktt] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2003 SIL).

Kirikiri

[kiy] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1982 SIL).

Koba

[kpd] 6a (Vigorous). 870 (2011 SIL).

Kodeoha

[vko] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (Mead 1999).

Kodi

[kod] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000.

Kola

[kvv] 6a (Vigorous). 7,400 (2011 SIL).

Komyandaret

[kzv] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (2000 SIL).

Kopkaka

[opk] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2002 SIL). 100% monolingual.

Korowai

[khe] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals.

Kosare

[kiq] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kula

[tpg] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Kulisusu

[vkl] 6a (Vigorous). 22,000 (Mead 1999), increasing.

Kumbewaha

[xks] 6a (Vigorous). 3,400 (2004 SIL).

Kur

[kuv] 6a (Vigorous). 3,180 (2000).

Kwerba Mamberamo

[xwr] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1993 R. Doriot).

Laba

[lau] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1991 SIL).

Laha

[lhh] 6a (Vigorous). 3,890 (1987 SIL).

Lamalera

[lmr] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lamatuka

[lmq] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lamboya

[lmy] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Lampung Nyo

[abl] 6a (Vigorous). 180,000 (2000 census).

Laura

[lur] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Legenyem

[lcc] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Wurm 2000).

Lembata, South

[lmf] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2008 census).

Lembata, West

[lmj] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (2008 census).

Lepki

[lpe] 6a (Vigorous). 530 (1991 SIL).

Levuka

[lvu] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lewo Eleng

[lwe] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lewotobi

[lwt] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000.

Lindu

[klw] 6a (Vigorous). 2,400 (2000 census), increasing.

Li’o

[ljl] 6a (Vigorous). 105,000 (2009 census).

Lisabata-Nuniali

[lcs] 6a (Vigorous). 1,830 (1982).

Lole

[llg] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000.

Lorang

[lrn] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (2011 SIL).

Lubu

[lcf] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Maba

[mqa] 6a (Vigorous). 6,620 (2000).

Maiwa

[wmm] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (1990 SIL).

Makian, West

[mqs] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands.

Malay

[zlm] 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Sumatra. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang).

Malay, Banda

[bpq] 6a (Vigorous). 3,690 (2000).

Malay, Berau

[bve] 6a (Vigorous). 11,200 (2007 SIL).

Malay, Bukit

[bvu] 6a (Vigorous). 59,000 (2007 SIL).

Malay, Jambi

[jax] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000 (2000 census).

Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai

[mqg] 6a (Vigorous). 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Malay, Tenggarong Kutai

[vkt] 6a (Vigorous). 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai.

Malayic Dayak

[xdy] 6a (Vigorous). 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk.

Malimpung

[mli] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (1986 SIL).

Mamasa

[mqj] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 (1991 SIL).

Mamboru

[mvd] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2007).

Mandobo Atas

[aax] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2002 SIL).

Manem

[jet] 6a (Vigorous). 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL).

Mangole

[mqc] 6a (Vigorous). 7,280 (2000).

Manipa

[mqp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1983).

Manombai

[woo] 6a (Vigorous). 9,110 (2011 SIL).

Manusela

[wha] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (1989 SIL).

Marau

[mvr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700 (1987 SIL).

Mariri

[mqi] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2011 SIL).

Masiwang

[bnf] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1989 SIL).

Meoswar

[mvx] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).

Modang

[mxd] 6a (Vigorous). 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Modole

[mqo] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1983 SIL).

Molof

[msl] 6a (Vigorous). 234 (2005 SIL).

Moma

[myl] 6a (Vigorous). 5,500 (Barr, Barr, and Salombe 1979).

Moraid

[msg] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1988 SIL).

Morop

[iwo] 6a (Vigorous). 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot).

Munggui

[mth] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (1982 SIL).

Murkim

[rmh] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2004 SIL).

Muyu, North

[kti] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (2002 SIL).

Muyu, South

[kts] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2002 SIL).

Nage

[nxe] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (Forth 1993).

Nakai

[nkj] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1999 M. Donohue).

Nasal

[nsy] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2008 K. Anderbeck). Very few monolinguals.

Ndom

[nqm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (2002 SIL).

Nedebang

[nec] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500.

Ngad’a

[nxg] 6a (Vigorous). 60,000 (1995).

Ngad’a, Eastern

[nea] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (1994).

Ninggerum

[nxr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 in Indonesia.

Nuaulu, North

[nni] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (1990 SIL).

Nuaulu, South

[nxl] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (1995 SIL).

Okolod

[kqv] 6a (Vigorous). 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 4,970.

Osing

[osi] 6a (Vigorous). 300,000 (2000 census).

Palu’e

[ple] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Pancana

[pnp] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2005 D. Andersen).

Pannei

[pnc] 6a (Vigorous). 9,000 (1983).

Pantar, Western

[lev] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000.

Papasena

[pas] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (1982 SIL).

Patani

[ptn] 6a (Vigorous). 10,600 (2000).

Pekal

[pel] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2000 census).

Punan Tubu

[puj] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rajong

[rjg] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2010).

Rejang

[rej] 6a (Vigorous). 350,000 (2000 census).

Rembong

[reb] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes).

Riantana

[ran] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Ribun

[rir] 6a (Vigorous). 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rikou

[rgu] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2011).

Riung

[riu] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Roma

[rmm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700 (1991 SIL).

Rongga

[ror] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2005 W. Arka).

Roon

[rnn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot).

Sajau Basap

[sjb] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sanggau

[scg] 6a (Vigorous). 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sause

[sao] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Wurm 2000).

Sawila

[swt] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Seberuang

[sbx] 6a (Vigorous). 37,000 (2007 SIL).

Segai

[sge] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Seget

[sbg] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (1988 SIL).

Seko Padang

[skx] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (1985 SIL). 2,300 in the Seko area.

Seko Tengah

[sko] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987).

Selayar

[sly] 6a (Vigorous). 128,000 (2000 census).

Sembakung Murut

[sbr] 6a (Vigorous). 3,180 in Indonesia (2000).

Sempan

[xse] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Sepa

[spb] 6a (Vigorous). 2,600 (1989 SIL).

Siang

[sya] 6a (Vigorous). 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sika

[ski] 6a (Vigorous). 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995).

Sikule

[skh] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000.

Simeulue

[smr] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000.

Skou

[skv] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1999 M. Donohue).

So’a

[ssq] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (1994).

Sowanda

[sow] 6a (Vigorous). 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL).

Suabo

[szp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (1987 SIL).

Sula

[szn] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (1983 SIL).

Sumbawa

[smw] 6a (Vigorous). 300,000 (1989).

Taikat

[aos] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (Wurm 2000).

Taliabu

[tlv] 6a (Vigorous). 4,520 (2000). 500 to 1,500 in Mangei.

Talondo’

[tln] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (2011 A. Tadollo), increasing.

Tamagario

[tcg] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (1987 SIL).

Taman

[tmn] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2007 SIL).

Tarangan, East

[tre] 6a (Vigorous). 6,110 (2011 SIL). Population counted in the 12 villages only.

Teiwa

[twe] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010).

Teluti

[tlt] 6a (Vigorous). 17,000 (1989 SIL).

Tengger

[tes] 6a (Vigorous). 80,000 (2000 census).

Teor

[tev] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (1986 SIL).

Tereweng

[twg] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (Grimes et al. 1997).

Termanu

[twu] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2002 UKAW).

Tidong

[tid] 6a (Vigorous). 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL).

Tidore

[tvo] 6a (Vigorous). 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Tii

[txq] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW).

Tofanma

[tlg] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2005 SIL).

Trimuris

[tip] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1999 SIL).

Tsaukambo

[kvz] 6a (Vigorous). 780 (2000 SIL).

Tugun

[tzn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (1990 SIL). 1% monolinguals.

Tugutil

[tuj] 6a (Vigorous). 2,590 (2000).

Tukang Besi North

[khc] 6a (Vigorous). 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku.

Tukang Besi South

[bhq] 6a (Vigorous). 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku.

Ulumanda’

[ulm] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (1986 SIL). 18,000 in Polmas and Majene.

Uma’ Lasan

[xky] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2005).

Wae Rana

[wrx] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2010).

Waioli

[wli] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).

Walak

[wlw] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2007 P. Seow).

Wambon

[wms] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Wanggom

[wng] 6a (Vigorous). 1,180 (2002 SIL).

Wanukaka

[wnk] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Watubela

[wah] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (1990 SIL).

Wawonii

[wow] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2004 D. Andersen), increasing. 22,500 Wawonii, 7,500 Menui.

Wejewa

[wew] 6a (Vigorous). 55,000 (2011).

Wemale

[weo] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2000 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,500.

Wersing

[kvw] 6a (Vigorous). 3,700 (Grimes et al. 1997).

6b (Threatened)

Aghu

[ahh] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Ambai

[amk] 6b (Threatened). 10,100 (2000).

Andio

[bzb] 6b (Threatened). 1,700 (Busenitz 1991).

Ansus

[and] 6b (Threatened). 4,600 (1987 SIL).

Arandai

[jbj] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Arguni

[agf] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000).

[asz] 6b (Threatened). 230 (Wurm 2000).

Asilulu

[asl] 6b (Threatened). 8,760 (1987 SIL).

Asmat, Central

[cns] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual.

Awbono

[awh] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL). 100% monolingual.

Awyu, Asue

[psa] 6b (Threatened). 6,500 (2002 SIL).

Awyu, Edera

[awy] 6b (Threatened). 3,870 (2002 SIL).

Awyu, South

[aws] 6b (Threatened). 9,340 (2002 SIL).

Babar, North

[bcd] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2007 SIL).

Baham

[bdw] 6b (Threatened). 1,100 (1987 SIL).

Bajau, Indonesian

[bdl] 6b (Threatened). 150,000 (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981; Verheijen 1986).

Bakati’

[bei] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (1986 UBS).

Barapasi

[brp] 6b (Threatened). 2,500 (1995 SIL).

Basap

[bdb] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (2007 SIL).

Bati

[bvt] 6b (Threatened). 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989).

Batuley

[bay] 6b (Threatened). 3,640 (2011 SIL).

Bayono

[byl] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL).

Bedoanas

[bed] 6b (Threatened). 180 (Wurm 2000).

Behoa

[bep] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Bengkala Sign Language

[bqy] 6b (Threatened). 41 (2007 SIL). 40 monolinguals. More than 1,200 Kata Kolok signers; about 50 of them are deaf (de Vos 2011).

Bentong

[bnu] 6b (Threatened). 25,000 (1987 SIL).

Berik

[bkl] 6b (Threatened). 1,200 (1994 SIL).

Betaf

[bfe] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2005 SIL).

Betawi

[bew] 6b (Threatened). 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’.

Biak

[bhw] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (Wurm 2000).

Bintauna

[bne] 6b (Threatened). 11,200 (200 census).

Boano

[bzl] 6b (Threatened). 2,700 (Himmelmann 2001).

Bobot

[bty] 6b (Threatened). 4,500 (1989 SIL).

Bolango

[bld] 6b (Threatened). 23,000 (Sneddon and Usup 1986). Atinggola 16,000, Bolango 7,000.

Bukitan

[bkn] 6b (Threatened). 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 860.

Buol

[blf] 6b (Threatened). 96,000 (2000 census).

Busami

[bsm] 6b (Threatened). 700 (1993 R. Doriot).

Dai

[dij] 6b (Threatened). 820 (2007 SIL).

Damal

[uhn] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (Wurm 2000).

Dera

[kbv] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,690.

Diuwe

[diy] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL).

Dondo

[dok] 6b (Threatened). 13,000 (Himmelmann 2001).

Dusun Malang

[duq] 6b (Threatened). 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan.

Dusun Witu

[duw] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (2003).

Elseng

[mrf] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1991 SIL).

Emem

[enr] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals.

Enggano

[eno] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2000 census), decreasing.

Foau

[flh] 6b (Threatened). 350 (2010 SIL), increasing.

Fordata

[frd] 6b (Threatened). 50,000 (Marshall 2000). Under 1% monolingual. 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000).

Galolen

[gal] 6b (Threatened). 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL).

Gayo

[gay] 6b (Threatened). 300,000 (2000 census).

Gebe

[gei] 6b (Threatened). 2,650 (2000).

Gorontalo

[gor] 6b (Threatened). 1,000,000, (2000 census).

Haji

[hji] 6b (Threatened). 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals.

Hamap

[hmu] 6b (Threatened). 900.

Hitu

[htu] 6b (Threatened). 16,000 (1987 SIL).

Huaulu

[hud] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1987 SIL).

Ile Ape

[ila] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (2008 census).

Irarutu

[irh] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (1987 SIL).

Isirawa

[srl] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (Wurm 2000).

Itik

[itx] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200.

Jofotek-Bromnya

[jbr] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Kaburi

[uka] 6b (Threatened). 600 (1986 SIL).

Kaidipang

[kzp] 6b (Threatened). 26,800 (2000 census). Kaidipang 8,900, Bolaang Itang 17,700.

Kaimbulawa

[zka] 6b (Threatened). 2,200 (2005 SIL).

Kamaru

[kgx] 6b (Threatened). 3,500 (2004 SIL).

Kanum, Ngkâlmpw

[kcd] 6b (Threatened). 150 (1996 M. Donohue).

Kanum, Smärky

[kxq] 6b (Threatened). 80 (1996 M. Donohue).

Kanum, Sota

[krz] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1996 M. Donohue).

Kapauri

[khp] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2006 SIL).

Kawe

[kgb] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Remijsen 2001).

Kayagar

[kyt] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing.

Kayan, Wahau

[whu] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kehu

[khh] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2007 SIL).

Kelabit

[kzi] 6b (Threatened). 640 in Indonesia (2000).

Kemtuik

[kmt] 6b (Threatened). 2,500 (1987 SIL).

Kenyah, Mainstream

[xkl] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. Basically no monolinguals. Population total all countries: 32,000.

Kenyah, Wahau

[whk] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Population total all countries: 9,000.

Kepo’

[kuk] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (2010).

Kereho

[xke] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2003).

Kerinci

[kvr] 6b (Threatened). 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 285,000.

Kimaghima

[kig] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Kimki

[sbt] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2004 SIL).

Kioko

[ues] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Klon

[kyo] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (2008 L. Baird).

Kohin

[kkx] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2003).

Kokoda

[xod] 6b (Threatened). 3,700 (1991 SIL).

Kombai

[tyn] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (1991 SIL).

Komering

[kge] 6b (Threatened). 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992).

Komodo

[kvh] 6b (Threatened). 700 (2000).

Kompane

[kvp] 6b (Threatened). 330 (1995 SIL).

Konda

[knd] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1988 SIL).

Konjo, Coastal

[kjc] 6b (Threatened). 125,000 (1990 SIL). 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro.

Konjo, Highland

[kjk] 6b (Threatened). 150,000 (1991 SIL).

Kowiai

[kwh] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2000 SIL).

Kubu

[kvb] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (1989).

Kui

[kvd] 6b (Threatened). 1,900. Ethnic population: 1,900.

Kurudu

[kjr] 6b (Threatened). 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kwer

[kwr] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1998 M. Donohue).

Laiyolo

[lji] 6b (Threatened). 800 (1997 SIL). 250 Laiyolo, 550 Barang-Barang.

Lampung Api

[ljp] 6b (Threatened). 827,000 (2000 census).

Larike-Wakasihu

[alo] 6b (Threatened). 12,600 (1987 SIL).

Lasalimu

[llm] 6b (Threatened). 1,700 (1999 SIL).

Lauje

[law] 6b (Threatened). 44,000 (Himmelmann 2001). 6,000 use Ampibabo dialect (Himmelmann 2001).

Liana-Seti

[ste] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1989 SIL).

Lola

[lcd] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2011 SIL).

Luhu

[ppr] 6b (Threatened). 6,500 (Collins 1983).

Ma’anyan

[mhy] 6b (Threatened). 150,000 (2003).

Maden

[xmx] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Remijsen 2001).

Makasar

[mak] 6b (Threatened). 2,130,000 (2000 census).

Makian, East

[mky] 6b (Threatened). 20,000. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL).

Maklew

[mgf] 6b (Threatened). 120.

Malay, Balinese

[mhp] 6b (Threatened). 25,000 (2000 census).

Malay, Larantuka

[lrt] 6b (Threatened). 20,000 (2007).

Mamuju

[mqx] 6b (Threatened). 60,000 (1991 SIL). 50,000 in Mamuju dialect.

Mandobo Bawah

[bwp] 6b (Threatened). 20,000 (2002 SIL).

Marind

[mrz] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (1987 SIL).

Masela, West

[mss] 6b (Threatened). 850 (2007 SIL).

Matbat

[xmt] 6b (Threatened). 1,250 (Remijsen 2001).

Mawes

[mgk] 6b (Threatened). 850 (2006 SIL).

Ma’ya

[slz] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Remijsen 2001).

Mer

[mnu] 6b (Threatened). 85 (2000).

Moi

[mxn] 6b (Threatened). 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot).

Momina

[mmb] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 M. Donohue).

Momuna

[mqf] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm 2000).

Mori Atas

[mzq] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (1988 D. Mead).

Mori Bawah

[xmz] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (1988 D. Mead).

Moronene

[mqn] 6b (Threatened). 37,000 (2000 D. Andersen), increasing. 5% are monolingual. Wita Ea 23,000, Tokotu’a 14,000. Includes about 3,500 living in cities. Second or third generations in cities no longer speak Moronene.

Mpur

[akc] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot).

Muna

[mnb] 6b (Threatened). 300,000 (2007 R. Van den Berg). 600 in Ambon (1985 SIL).

Napu

[npy] 6b (Threatened). 6,100 (2000 R. Hanna), increasing.

Nisa

[njs] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1987 SIL).

Obokuitai

[afz] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000).

Onin

[oni] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Wurm 2000).

Orya

[ury] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (1985 P. Fields). No monolinguals. 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict.

Padoe

[pdo] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (1991 P. Vuorinen).

Pamona

[pmf] 6b (Threatened). 137,000 (Lauder et al. 2000).

Panasuan

[psn] 6b (Threatened). 800 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 or more.

Papuma

[ppm] 6b (Threatened). 600 (1982 SIL).

Pendau

[ums] 6b (Threatened). 4,500 (Quick 2007).

Perai

[wet] 6b (Threatened). 280 (Hinton 2000).

Pom

[pmo] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (1987 SIL).

Punan Aput

[pud] 6b (Threatened). 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Punan Merah

[puf] 6b (Threatened). 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Punan Merap

[puc] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Puragi

[pru] 6b (Threatened). 700 (1991 SIL).

Putoh

[put] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rahambuu

[raz] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (Mead 1999).

Rampi

[lje] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2006).

Rasawa

[rac] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1987 SIL).

Reta

[ret] 6b (Threatened). 800.

Sa’ban

[snv] 6b (Threatened). 850 in Indonesia (2000).

Saleman

[sau] 6b (Threatened). 4,800 (1989 SIL).

Saluan

[loe] 6b (Threatened). 76,000 (1978).

Samarokena

[tmj] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1982 SIL).

Sarudu

[sdu] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Grimes and Grimes 1987).

Sauri

[srt] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1987 SIL).

Sawai

[szw] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Saweru

[swr] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1991 SIL).

Seit-Kaitetu

[hik] 6b (Threatened). 10,200 (1987 SIL).

Sekak

[lce] 6b (Threatened). 420 (2000), decreasing. Late 19th century population 1,600 to 3,000.

Sekar

[skz] 6b (Threatened). 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Selaru

[slu] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2001 SIL).

Selungai Murut

[slg] 6b (Threatened). 640 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 1,240.

Seluwasan

[sws] 6b (Threatened). 2,840 (Florey 2005). 740 in Makatian, 2,100 in Seluwasan.

Serui-Laut

[seu] 6b (Threatened). 1,200 (1987 SIL).

Sunum

[ymn] 6b (Threatened). 560 (2005 SIL).

Tagal Murut

[mvv] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 in Indonesia.

Tanahmerah

[tcm] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1978 SIL).

Tangko

[tkx] 6b (Threatened). 100 (2000 SIL).

Tause

[tad] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm 2000).

Tefaro

[tfo] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1987 SIL).

Tehit

[kps] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals.

Tela-Masbuar

[tvm] 6b (Threatened). 1,050 (2007 SIL).

Ternate

[tft] 6b (Threatened). 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Tolaki

[lbw] 6b (Threatened). 331,000 (2000 census). 298,000 Tolaki (Konawe), 33,000 Mekongga and 200 Wiwirano. Asera and Laiwui not separately listed, but less than 1000.

Tombelala

[ttp] 6b (Threatened). 1,100 (Mead and Mead 1991).

Tomini

[txm] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (Himmelmann 2001).

Tonsea

[txs] 6b (Threatened). 90,000 (1989), decreasing.

Tontemboan

[tnt] 6b (Threatened). 150,000 (1990 J. Merrifield).

Tunggare

[trt] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1993 R. Doriot).

Tunjung

[tjg] 6b (Threatened). 50,000 (2008).

Uma’ Lung

[ulu] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Soriente 2006), decreasing.

Uruangnirin

[urn] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1983 SIL).

Waigeo

[wgo] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1978 SIL).

Wano

[wno] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2011), decreasing. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000.

Waris

[wrs] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 in Indonesia.

Waritai

[wbe] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000).

Warkay-Bipim

[bgv] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1993 R. Doriot).

Waru

[wru] 6b (Threatened). 350 (Mead 1999).

Woi

[wbw] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki).

Wolio

[wlo] 6b (Threatened). 65,000 in Indonesia (2004 D. Andersen). Population does not include those in other provinces.

Wotu

[wtw] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2009 Masruddin and Wahibah), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2009).

Yahadian

[ner] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1991 SIL).

Yalahatan

[jal] 6b (Threatened). 1,700 (2004 SIL).

Yaqay

[jaq] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (1987 SIL).

Yoke

[yki] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 M. Donohue).

7 (Shifting)

Anus

[auq] 7 (Shifting). 320 (2005 SIL).

Asmat, Yaosakor

[asy] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1991 SIL).

Awera

[awr] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Bahonsuai

[bsu] 7 (Shifting). 200 (Mead 1999).

Balaesang

[bls] 7 (Shifting). 3,200 (Himmelmann 2001).

Banda

[bnd] 7 (Shifting). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Banggai

[bgz] 7 (Shifting). 125,000 (2000 census).

Batui

[zbt] 7 (Shifting). 2,900, decreasing.

Beneraf

[bnv] 7 (Shifting). 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals.

Burate

[bti] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Buruwai

[asi] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (2000).

Busoa

[bup] 7 (Shifting). 2,300 (2000 SIL).

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] 7 (Shifting). 640,000 in Indonesia (1982).

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] 7 (Shifting). 700,000 in Indonesia (1982).

Dabe

[dbe] 7 (Shifting). 440 (2005 SIL).

Dakka

[dkk] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (Strømme 1987).

Dampelas

[dms] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (Wurm 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Wurm 2007).

Dawera-Daweloor

[ddw] 7 (Shifting). 1,270 (2007 SIL).

Doutai

[tds] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot).

Gorap

[goq] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (1992 SIL).

Imroing

[imr] 7 (Shifting). 560 (2007 SIL).

Indonesian, Peranakan

[pea] 7 (Shifting). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kadai

[kzd] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2000).

Kais

[kzm] 7 (Shifting). 700 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kalao

[kly] 7 (Shifting). 500 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989).

Kamberau

[irx] 7 (Shifting). 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kao

[kax] 7 (Shifting). 400 (2000).

Kaptiau

[kbi] 7 (Shifting). 230 (2006 SIL).

Keijar

[kdy] 7 (Shifting). 370 (2005 SIL).

Kofei

[kpi] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Koneraw

[kdw] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (2001 SIL).

Koroni

[xkq] 7 (Shifting). 500 (Mead 1999).

Kuri

[nbn] 7 (Shifting). 500 (1982 SIL).

Kwesten

[kwt] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1987 SIL).

Kwinsu

[kuc] 7 (Shifting). 500 (2007).

Latu

[ltu] 7 (Shifting). 2,130 (1982 SIL).

Leti

[lti] 7 (Shifting). 7,500 (1995 SIL).

Lisela

[lcl] 7 (Shifting). 11,900 (1989 SIL).

Marind, Bian

[bpv] 7 (Shifting). 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).

[wkd] 7 (Shifting). 550 (2005 SIL).

Mongondow

[mog] 7 (Shifting). 230,000 (2000 census).

Mor

[mhz] 7 (Shifting). 700 (1987 SIL).

Oirata

[oia] 7 (Shifting). 1,220 (1987 SIL).

Ormu

[orz] 7 (Shifting). 500 (Wurm 2000).

Pagu

[pgu] 7 (Shifting). 3,310 (2000).

Semimi

[etz] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Sobei

[sob] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon).

Suwawa

[swu] 7 (Shifting). 5,000 (2012 Y. Kitada).

Tajio

[tdj] 7 (Shifting). 12,000 (Himmelmann 2001).

Taloki

[tlk] 7 (Shifting). 550 (2005 R. Van den Berg). 400 in Maligano, 150 in Wakalambe.

Tebi

[dmu] 7 (Shifting). 220 (2005 SIL).

Tombulu

[tom] 7 (Shifting). 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing.

Tondano

[tdn] 7 (Shifting). 92,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing.

Tonsawang

[tnw] 7 (Shifting). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing.

Totoli

[txe] 7 (Shifting). 25,000 (Himmelmann 2001).

Tulehu

[tlu] 7 (Shifting). 18,800 (1987 SIL).

Ujir

[udj] 7 (Shifting). 1,030 (2011 SIL).

Vitou

[vto] 7 (Shifting). 630 (2007).

Wabo

[wbb] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Warembori

[wsa] 7 (Shifting). 600 (1998 SIL).

Wares

[wai] 7 (Shifting). 200 (1993 R. Doriot).

Waropen

[wrp] 7 (Shifting). 6,000 (1987 SIL).

Wauyai

[wuy] 7 (Shifting). 300 (Remijsen 2001).

Yaur

[jau] 7 (Shifting). 350 (1978 SIL).

Yei

[jei] 7 (Shifting). 2,390 (2001 SIL).

Yeresiam

[ire] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Yeretuar

[gop] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2000).

Zorop

[wfg] 7 (Shifting). 230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals.

8a (Moribund)

Awyi

[auw] 8a (Moribund). 350 (Wurm 2000).

Bantik

[bnq] 8a (Moribund). 3,000 (Utsumi 2001), decreasing.

Baras

[brs] 8a (Moribund). 250 (Valkama 1987). 50 households.

Benggoi

[bgy] 8a (Moribund). 350 (1989 SIL).

Bonggo

[bpg] 8a (Moribund). 790 (2006 SIL).

Budong-Budong

[bdx] 8a (Moribund). 70 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989). Manda, Yamaguchi and Nakashima (2002) report 2,000 speakers.

Chinese, Min Dong

[cdo] 8a (Moribund).

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 8a (Moribund). 180,000 in Indonesia (1982).

Dineor

[mrx] 8a (Moribund). 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing.

Erokwanas

[erw] 8a (Moribund). 200 (Wurm 2000). Probably fewer than 200 (Wurm 2007).

Fedan

[pdn] 8a (Moribund). 280 (2005 SIL).

Gresi

[grs] 8a (Moribund). 2,500 (1987 SIL).

Haruku

[hrk] 8a (Moribund). 18,200 (1989 SIL).

Karas

[kgv] 8a (Moribund). 240 (1983 SIL).

Kaure

[bpp] 8a (Moribund). 450 (1995 SIL).

Lemolang

[ley] 8a (Moribund). 2,000 (Vail 1991), decreasing.

Liabuku

[lix] 8a (Moribund). 75 (2004 SIL), decreasing.

Liki

[lio] 8a (Moribund). 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320.

Masela, Central

[mxz] 8a (Moribund). 510 (1980 N. de Jonge).

Masela, East

[vme] 8a (Moribund). 520 (1980 N. de Jonge).

Mekwei

[msf] 8a (Moribund). 1,200 (1987 SIL).

Mombum

[mso] 8a (Moribund). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).

Nafri

[nxx] 8a (Moribund). 1,630 (1975 SIL).

Nimboran

[nir] 8a (Moribund). 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL).

Paku

[pku] 8a (Moribund). 3,500 (2003), decreasing. Few monolinguals.

Ponosakan

[pns] 8a (Moribund). 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Saparua

[spr] 8a (Moribund). 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,520 in Iha.

Sawi

[saw] 8a (Moribund). 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot).

Serili

[sve] 8a (Moribund). 330 (1980 N. de Jonge).

Sowari

[dmy] 8a (Moribund). 1,300 (2000), decreasing.

Tabla

[tnm] 8a (Moribund). 3,750 (1990 UBS).

Tarpia

[tpf] 8a (Moribund). 630 (2006 SIL).

Tomadino

[tdi] 8a (Moribund). 600 (Mead 1999).

Topoiyo

[toy] 8a (Moribund). 450 (Yamaguchi and Nakashima 2001), decreasing.

Towei

[ttn] 8a (Moribund). 120 (1975 SIL).

Usku

[ulf] 8a (Moribund). 110 (2004 SIL). Few monolinguals. Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007).

Viid

[snu] 8a (Moribund). 250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals.

Yarsun

[yrs] 8a (Moribund). 200 (1991 SIL).

Yelmek

[jel] 8a (Moribund). 400 (1978 SIL).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Amahai

[amq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (Wurm 2007).

Aputai

[apx] 8b (Nearly extinct). 150 (Hinton 2000). Welemur dialect has no remaining speakers.

Burumakok

[aip] 8b (Nearly extinct). 40 (1994 R. Kroneman).

Duriankere

[dbn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60.

Emplawas

[emw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 250 (2007 SIL).

Ibu

[ibu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Ethnic population: 50 to 200 (1984).

Kaibobo

[kzb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 500 (Collins 1983).

Kanum, Bädi

[khd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (1996 M. Donohue).

Kayupulau

[kzu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Kembra

[xkw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50.

Kwerisa

[kkb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130.

Lengilu

[lgi] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (Wurm 2000).

Lolak

[llq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3,000 (2004 SIL).

Malay, Bacanese

[btj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (2012 SIL).

Mander

[mqr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (1991 SIL).

Masimasi

[ism] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2005 SIL).

Massep

[mvs] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85.

Mlap

[kja] 8b (Nearly extinct). 300 (Wurm 2000).

Mor

[moq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström).

Morori

[mok] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue).

Namla

[naa] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (2005 SIL).

Paulohi

[plh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1982).

Petjo

[pey] 8b (Nearly extinct). There are still L2 speakers and some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).

Ratahan

[rth] 8b (Nearly extinct). 500 (Himmelmann and Wolff 1999), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1989).

Salas

[sgu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1989 SIL).

Taje

[pee] 8b (Nearly extinct). 350 (Himmelmann 2001), decreasing.

Tobati

[tti] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100 (Wurm 2007).

Woria

[wor] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2000 R. Doriot).

9 (Dormant)

Dusner

[dsn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 6 elderly speakers in 1978 (Wurm 2007).

Javindo

[jvd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. May be a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).

Kamarian

[kzx] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Under 10 in 1987; now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 in the village (1987 SIL).

Kayeli

[kzl] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker of Liliali dialect died in 1989 (Wurm 2007).

Nusa Laut

[nul] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,230 (1989 SIL).

Tandia

[tni] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

9 (Second language only)

Iha Based Pidgin

[ihb] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers.

Onin Based Pidgin

[onx] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers.

10 (Extinct)

Hoti

[hti] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. 10 elderly speakers in 1987, but now probably extinct (Wurm 2007).

Hukumina

[huw] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Hulung

[huk] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. Spoken by fewer than 10 speakers in 1991, but now probably extinct (Wurm 2007).

Loun

[lox] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Mapia

[mpy] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. The ethnic group emigrated to Micronesia and probably now speak either Palauan [pau], Sonsorol [sov], or Tobian [tox].

Moksela

[vms] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Naka’ela

[nae] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Nila

[nil] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Palumata

[pmc] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Saponi

[spi] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Serua

[srw] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Ternateño

[tmg] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Te’un

[tve] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Unattested

Narau

[nxu] Unattested. 80 (Wurm 2000).

Ethnologue

Indonesia

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