India

English

[eng] 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1950, Constitution, Articles 343 and 348(1)). 350,000 in India (Crystal 2003).

Hindi

[hin] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1950, Constitution, Article 343), also statutory provincial language in Bihar State and 12 other jurisdictions. 258,000,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 260,302,820.

2 (Provincial)

Assamese

[asm] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Assam State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 12,800,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 12,828,220.

Bengali

[ben] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam states (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 82,500,000 in India (2001 census).

French

[fra] 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Puducherry Union Territory (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. 10,000 in India (2008).

Garo

[grt] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 347), unscheduled language. 889,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 1,009,000.

Gujarati

[guj] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in West Bengal State; union territories Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu. (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 45,700,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 46,633,190.

Kannada

[kan] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in West Bengal (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 37,700,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 37,739,040.

Khasi

[kha] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. 843,000 in India (2001 census).

Konkani

[knn] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Goa State (1992, Constitution, 71st Amendment). 2,420,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 2,423,540.

Maithili

[mai] 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bihar State (1992, Constitution, 71st Amendment). 30,000,000 in India (2000 SIL). 40% monolingual (1998). Population total all countries: 32,800,000.

Malayalam

[mal] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Kerala State; union territories Lakshadweep and Puducherry (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 33,000,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 33,534,600.

Marathi

[mar] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Maharashtra State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 71,700,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 71,780,660.

Meitei

[mni] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Manipur State (1992, Constitution, 71st Amendment). 1,470,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 1,485,000.

Nepali

[npi] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Sikkim, West Bengal state (1992, Constitution, 71st Amendment). 2,870,000 in India (2001 census).

Oriya

[ory] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Odisha State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 32,100,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 32,137,290.

Panjabi, Eastern

[pan] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Punjab, West Bengal states; union territories Delhi, Chandigarh (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 28,200,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 29,518,600.

Tamil

[tam] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tamil Nadu State; union territories Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 60,700,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 68,763,360.

Telugu

[tel] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Andhra Pradesh State; Puducherry Union Territory, Andaman and Nicobar islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 73,800,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 74,049,000.

3 (Wider communication)

Bhatri

[bgw] 3 (Wider communication). 217,000 (2001 census).

Desiya

[dso] 3 (Wider communication). 50,000 (2003 Asha Kiran Society).

Dhanki

[dhn] 3 (Wider communication). 139,000 (2001 census). Secondary speakers.

Halbi

[hlb] 3 (Wider communication). 593,000 (2001 census).

Kinnauri

[kfk] 3 (Wider communication). 65,100 (2001 census).

Kukna

[kex] 3 (Wider communication). 111,000 (2001 census).

Naga Pidgin

[nag] 3 (Wider communication). 30,000 (Holm 1989).

Naga, Angami

[njm] 3 (Wider communication). 132,000 (2001 census).

Nicobarese, Car

[caq] 3 (Wider communication). 37,000 (2005).

Panchpargania

[tdb] 3 (Wider communication). 194,000 (2001 census).

Sadri

[sck] 3 (Wider communication). 3,290,000 in India (2001 census). 2,050,000 Sadani, 1,243,000 Nagpuria. Population total all countries: 3,290,490.

Urdu

[urd] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory provincial language in Andra Pradesh State; Delhi Union Territory (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Statutory provincial working language in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh states (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), limited to official correspondence, notices and other communication. Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir State (1957, State constitution, Article 145). 51,500,000 in India (2001 census).

Wagdi

[wbr] 3 (Wider communication). 2,510,000 (2001 census).

4 (Educational)

Amri Karbi

[ajz] 4 (Educational). 125,000 (2003).

Bhojpuri

[bho] 4 (Educational). 37,800,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 39,846,000.

Bishnupriya

[bpy] 4 (Educational). 77,500 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 117,500.

Bodo

[brx] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Assam (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). 1,330,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 1,333,300.

Chhattisgarhi

[hne] 4 (Educational). 13,300,000 (2001 census).

Chin, Haka

[cnh] 4 (Educational). 25,000 in India (2001 census).

Chin, Mara

[mrh] 4 (Educational). 34,800 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 54,800.

Chin, Paite

[pck] 4 (Educational). 64,100 (2001 census).

Chin, Thado

[tcz] 4 (Educational). 243,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 269,200.

Dogri

[dgo] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). 2,280,000 (2001 census).

Gangte

[gnb] 4 (Educational). 14,500 (2001 census).

Garhwali

[gbm] 4 (Educational). 2,920,000 (2000 survey).

Gujari

[gju] 4 (Educational). 690,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 992,000. Ethnic population: 1,600,000 (2002) in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi.

Hmar

[hmr] 4 (Educational). 83,400 (2001 census).

Kashmiri

[kas] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). 5,360,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 5,580,830.

Khowar

[khw] 4 (Educational). 19,200 in India (2000).

Kok Borok

[trp] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Tripura State (1964, Official Languages Act No. 19 (as amended)), not a Schedule VIII language. 778,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 783,000.

Kom

[kmm] 4 (Educational). 14,700 (2001 census).

Kumaoni

[kfy] 4 (Educational). 2,360,000 (1998 survey). 20% monolingual (1998 SIL). Scattered in Nepal border area.

Limbu

[lif] 4 (Educational). 37,300 in India (2001 census). Ethnic population: 177,000 (2007).

Magahi

[mag] 4 (Educational). 14,000,000 (2001 census).

Mandeali

[mjl] 4 (Educational). 900,000 (1991 census).

Mizo

[lus] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Mizoram State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. 675,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 687,750.

Naga, Ao

[njo] 4 (Educational). 261,000 (2001 census).

Naga, Chokri

[nri] 4 (Educational). 83,600 (2001 census).

Naga, Konyak

[nbe] 4 (Educational). 248,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 250,000.

Naga, Liangmai

[njn] 4 (Educational). 34,200 (2001 census).

Naga, Maram

[nma] 4 (Educational). 37,300 (2001). Ethnic population: 25,000.

Naga, Phom

[nph] 4 (Educational). 123,000 (2001 census).

Naga, Rongmei

[nbu] 4 (Educational). 61,200 (2001 census).

Naga, Sangtam

[nsa] 4 (Educational). 84,300 (2001 census).

Naga, Sumi

[nsm] 4 (Educational). 104,000 (2001 census).

Naga, Tangkhul

[nmf] 4 (Educational). 142,000 (2001 census).

Newar

[new] 4 (Educational). 14,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 166,000 (2007).

Phake

[phk] 4 (Educational). 2,000 (Bradley 2007).

Rabha

[rah] 4 (Educational). 165,000 (2001 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 374,000 (1993).

Sambalpuri

[spv] 4 (Educational). 18,000,000 (2001 census).

Sanskrit

[san] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of national identity (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 14,100 in India (2001 census).

Santhali

[sat] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jharkhand State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), amended 2003. 5,940,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 6,218,900.

Sikkimese

[sip] 4 (Educational). 70,300 (2001).

Singpho

[sgp] 4 (Educational). 2,500 (Morey 2006).

Tamang, Eastern

[taj] 4 (Educational). 17,500 in India (2001 census). Ethnic population: 272,000 (2006 FTT).

Tibetan

[bod] 4 (Educational). 85,300 in India (2001 census).

5 (Dispersed)

Dzongkha

[dzo] 5 (Dispersed). 11,000 in India (2007).

Maldivian

[div] 5 (Dispersed). 9,500 in India (2012). 9,500 in Minicoy and 5,000 expatriates in Trivandrum.

Portuguese

[por] 5 (Dispersed). 250,000 in India.

5 (Developing)

Adi

[adi] 5 (Developing). 97,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 100,190.

Adi, Galo

[adl] 5 (Developing). 30,000. A few older adult monolinguals. 62,000 (2001 census); 150,000 to 250,000.

Aimol

[aim] 5 (Developing). 2,640 (2001 census).

Anal

[anm] 5 (Developing). 23,200 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 23,250.

Angika

[anp] 5 (Developing). 725,000 in India (IMA 1997). Population total all countries: 740,900.

Awadhi

[awa] 5 (Developing). 2,530,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 3,091,000.

Badaga

[bfq] 5 (Developing). 135,000 (2001 census).

Bagri

[bgq] 5 (Developing). 647,000 in India (2001 census). 25% monolingual. Population total all countries: 847,000.

Balochi, Eastern

[bgp] 5 (Developing). 800 in India (2007). Possibly L2 speakers only. Ethnic population: 95,000.

Bareli, Rathwi

[bgd] 5 (Developing). 101,000 (2001 census).

Bhili

[bhb] 5 (Developing). 3,310,000 (2001 census).

Biete

[biu] 5 (Developing). 19,000 (IMA 1997).

Bodo Parja

[bdv] 5 (Developing). 50,000 (2001 IBT).

Braj Bhasha

[bra] 5 (Developing). 574,000 (2001 census).

Bundeli

[bns] 5 (Developing). 3,070,000 (2001 census). population estimates range up to 20,000,000.

Chakma

[ccp] 5 (Developing). 176,000 in India (2001 census). Other estimates less than 100,000 (2002).

Chetti, Wayanad

[ctt] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (2004).

Chin, Falam

[cfm] 5 (Developing). 38,300 in India (2001 census).

Chin, Khumi

[cnk] 5 (Developing).

Chin, Matu

[hlt] 5 (Developing). 10,000 in India (2012).

Chin, Tedim

[ctd] 5 (Developing). 155,000 in India (1990).

Chin, Zyphe

[zyp] 5 (Developing). 3,000 in India (2000).

Chiru

[cdf] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (2000 A. Khorong).

Chodri

[cdi] 5 (Developing). 209,000 (2001 census).

Darlong

[dln] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1998 T. Darlong).

Deori

[der] 5 (Developing). 28,000 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 50,000.

Dhundari

[dhd] 5 (Developing). 1,870,000 (2001 census).

Dimasa

[dis] 5 (Developing). 112,000 (2001 census).

Dungra Bhil

[duh] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (2000 IICCC).

Gadaba, Mudhili

[gau] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (2000 IICCC).

Gamit

[gbl] 5 (Developing). 284,000 (2001 census).

Garasia, Adiwasi

[gas] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (1988 V. Patel).

Garasia, Rajput

[gra] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (1999 IEM).

Gondi, Northern

[gno] 5 (Developing). 1,950,000 (1997 BSI). 2,630,000 all Gondi.

Gondi, Southern

[ggo] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (2004 SIL).

Hajong

[haj] 5 (Developing). 63,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 71,000.

Haroti

[hoj] 5 (Developing). 2,460,000 (2001 census).

[hoc] 5 (Developing). 1,040,000 (2001 census).

Hrangkhol

[hra] 5 (Developing). 18,700 (2000), decreasing.

Irula

[iru] 5 (Developing). 200,000 (2003 E. Udayakumar).

Juang

[jun] 5 (Developing). 23,700 (2001 census). No monolinguals.

Kamta

[rkt] 5 (Developing). 5,000,000 in India (2007 M. Toulmin).

Karbi

[mjw] 5 (Developing). 420,000 (2001 census).

Khaling

[klr] 5 (Developing).

Khandesi

[khn] 5 (Developing). 21,900 (2001 census).

Kharia

[khr] 5 (Developing). 240,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 241,580.

Kodava

[kfa] 5 (Developing). 200,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 100,000 in Kodagu District plus 100,000 in other districts of Karnataka and major cities of India.

Kolami, Northwestern

[kfb] 5 (Developing). 122,000 (2001 census). All Kolami 115,000 (1997).

Koli, Kachi

[gjk] 5 (Developing). 400,000 in India (1998). 100,000 Kachi Koli, 250,000 Rabari, 50,000 or more Vagri Meghwar, Katai Meghwar, and Zalavaria Koli.

Konda-Dora

[kfc] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2007 WFA).

Konkani, Goan

[gom] 5 (Developing). 3,630,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 3,633,900.

Korku

[kfq] 5 (Developing). 574,000 (2001 census).

Kota

[kfe] 5 (Developing). 930 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 1,400.

Koya

[kff] 5 (Developing). 362,000 (2001 census).

Kurumba, Attapady

[pkr] 5 (Developing). 1,370 (1991 census).

Kurumba, Betta

[xub] 5 (Developing). 32,000 (2003 NLCI), increasing.

Kurumba, Jennu

[xuj] 5 (Developing). 35,000 (IMA 1997).

Kurumba, Kannada

[kfi] 5 (Developing). 180,000 (2000).

Kurux

[kru] 5 (Developing). 1,890,000 in India (2001 census). 1,750,000 Kurukh or Oraon, 141,000 Kisan. Population total all countries: 1,944,200.

Kuvi

[kxv] 5 (Developing). 158,000 (2001 census).

Ladakhi

[lbj] 5 (Developing). 105,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 117,000.

Lambadi

[lmn] 5 (Developing). 4,150,000 (2001 census). Ethnic population: Estimates range up to 40,000,000 for the total group.

Lamkang

[lmk] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1999 census).

Lhomi

[lhm] 5 (Developing). 1,320 in India (2000 USCWM).

Lisu

[lis] 5 (Developing). 2,700 in India (Bradley 2007).

Malvi

[mup] 5 (Developing). 5,560,000 (2001 census). 20% monolingual.

Marwari

[rwr] 5 (Developing). 5,600,000 in India (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 5,622,600.

Mawchi

[mke] 5 (Developing). 99,500 (2001 census).

Mewari

[mtr] 5 (Developing). 5,100,000 (2001 census).

Mewati

[wtm] 5 (Developing). 645,000 (2001 census). 8% monolinguals (2006).

Mising

[mrg] 5 (Developing). 551,000 (2001 census).

Mru

[mro] 5 (Developing). Ethnic population: 2,100.

Muduga

[udg] 5 (Developing). 3,370 (1991 census).

Mundari

[unr] 5 (Developing). 1,110,000 in India (2001 census). 1,060,000 Mundari, 47,400 Bhumij. Population total all countries: 1,120,280.

Muthuvan

[muv] 5 (Developing). 16,800 (2006 IMB).

Naga, Chang

[nbc] 5 (Developing). 62,400 (2001 census).

Naga, Khezha

[nkh] 5 (Developing). 40,800 (2001 census).

Naga, Khiamniungan

[kix] 5 (Developing). 37,800 in India (2001 census). Main clans are Lam, Thai, Shiu, and Maya. Population total all countries: 47,800.

Naga, Khoibu

[nkb] 5 (Developing). 25,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 25,600.

Naga, Lotha

[njh] 5 (Developing). 170,000 (2001 census).

Naga, Mao

[nbi] 5 (Developing). 81,000 (1997).

Naga, Maring

[nng] 5 (Developing). 22,300 (2001 census).

Naga, Monsang

[nmh] 5 (Developing). 3,200 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,200.

Naga, Moyon

[nmo] 5 (Developing). 3,700 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,700.

Naga, Mzieme

[nme] 5 (Developing). 29,000 (1997).

Naga, Nocte

[njb] 5 (Developing). 33,000 (2001 census). 60% monolingual (2001 census).

Naga, Northern Rengma

[nnl] 5 (Developing). 13,000 (1997).

Naga, Pochuri

[npo] 5 (Developing). 16,700 (2001 census).

Naga, Poumei

[pmx] 5 (Developing). 51,000 (1997).

Naga, Southern Rengma

[nre] 5 (Developing). 21,000 (1997).

Naga, Tarao

[tro] 5 (Developing). 870 (2000).

Naga, Tase

[nst] 5 (Developing). 40,100 in India (2001 census). 1% monolingual.

Naga, Thangal

[nki] 5 (Developing). 23,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 23,600.

Naga, Wancho

[nnp] 5 (Developing). 49,100 (2001 census).

Naga, Yimchungru

[yim] 5 (Developing). 92,100 (2001 census).

Naga, Zeme

[nzm] 5 (Developing). 34,100 (2001 census).

Nicobarese, Central

[ncb] 5 (Developing). 10,100 (2001 census). 5,310 on Katchal, 3,410 on Kamorta, 930 on Nancowry, 430 on Trinket.

Nyishi

[njz] 5 (Developing). 230,000 (2001 census). 23,000 speakers of Bangni dialect (Van Driem 2007).

Oriya, Adivasi

[ort] 5 (Developing). 200,000 (2011 SIL).

Paniya

[pcg] 5 (Developing). 94,000 (2003).

Panjabi, Western

[pnb] 5 (Developing). 1,910,000 in India (2007).

Purik

[prx] 5 (Developing). 37,700 (2001 census).

Ranglong

[rnl] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (2003 BI).

Rathawi

[rtw] 5 (Developing). 451,000 (2006 IMB).

Ravula

[yea] 5 (Developing). 26,900 (2007). Ethnic population: 47,000 (2007).

Rawang

[raw] 5 (Developing). 1,000 in India (2011 SIL).

Riang

[ria] 5 (Developing). 76,500 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 77,000. Ethnic population: 144,000.

Saurashtra

[saz] 5 (Developing). 185,000 (2001 census). Each listed district has communities of at least 5,000.

Sauria Paharia

[mjt] 5 (Developing). 54,000 in India (Bhaskararao 2006). Population total all countries: 61,000.

Seraiki

[skr] 5 (Developing). 68,000 in India (2001).

Shekhawati

[swv] 5 (Developing). 3,000,000 (2002 L. Gusain).

Simte

[smt] 5 (Developing). 10,200 (2001 census).

Sindhi

[snd] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Rajasthan State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347), Schedule VIII addition, 1961. 1,700,000 in India (2001 census). Ethnic population: 3,000,000 to 5,000,000.

Sora

[srb] 5 (Developing). 253,000 (2001 census).

Sylheti

[syl] 5 (Developing). 3,000,000 in India (2003).

Thulung

[tdh] 5 (Developing).

Tshangla

[tsj] 5 (Developing). 11,200 in India (2007). 8,200 in Kameng District; 3,000 in West Siang.

Tulu

[tcy] 5 (Developing). 1,720,000 (2001 census).

Vaiphei

[vap] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (2001 census).

Varhadi-Nagpuri

[vah] 5 (Developing). 6,970,000 (1995).

Varli

[vav] 5 (Developing). 600,000 (2003).

Vasavi

[vas] 5 (Developing). 1,200,000 (2002 FMPB).

Yerukula

[yeu] 5 (Developing). 69,500 (2001 census).

Zou

[zom] 5 (Developing). 20,900 in India (2001 census).

6a (Vigorous)

Agariya

[agi] 6a (Vigorous). 72,000 (2007).

Ahirani

[ahr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,870,000 (2001 census).

Andaman Creole Hindi

[hca] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Singh 1994).

Asuri

[asr] 6a (Vigorous). 16,600 (2001).

Bagheli

[bfy] 6a (Vigorous). 2,860,000 in India (2001 census).

Balti

[bft] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 in India (2001 census). Ethnic population: 38,800.

Bareli, Palya

[bpx] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2000 V. Varkey).

Bareli, Pauri

[bfb] 6a (Vigorous). 638,000 (2001 census).

Bateri

[btv] 6a (Vigorous). 800 in India. 200 families.

Bauria

[bge] 6a (Vigorous). 27,200 (2001 census).

Bhadrawahi

[bhd] 6a (Vigorous). 53,000 (2002).

Bhalay

[bhx] 6a (Vigorous). 8,670 (1981 census).

Bharia

[bha] 6a (Vigorous). 197,000 (1981 census).

Bhatola

[btl] 6a (Vigorous). 5,050 (2000).

Bhattiyali

[bht] 6a (Vigorous). 102,000 (1991 census).

Bhilali

[bhi] 6a (Vigorous). 681,000 (2001 census). 25,000 to 50,000 Parya Bhilali.

Bhunjia

[bhu] 6a (Vigorous). 6,790 (2000 USCWM).

Bijori

[bix] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (1998 GR).

Bilaspuri

[kfs] 6a (Vigorous). 295,000 (1991 census).

Birhor

[biy] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (Van Driem 2007). Nomadic habits make assessment difficult. Some estimates as low as 1,000 (Parkin 1991).

Bondo

[bfw] 6a (Vigorous). 9,000 (2002 SIL). Few Lower Bondo are monolingual. 5,570 Upper Bondo and 3,500 Lower Bondo.

Brokskat

[bkk] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001).

Bugun

[bgg] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2001 Asia Harvest).

Buksa

[tkb] 6a (Vigorous). 43,000 (IMA 1997).

Chamari

[cdg] 6a (Vigorous). 406,000 (2001 IMB).

Chambeali

[cdh] 6a (Vigorous). 130,000 (1991 census).

Changthang

[cna] 6a (Vigorous). 10,100 (2000).

Chaura

[crv] 6a (Vigorous). 2,020 (2000).

Chenchu

[cde] 6a (Vigorous). 26,000 (2007).

Chinali

[cih] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (1996).

Chug

[cvg] 6a (Vigorous). 850 (2005).

Churahi

[cdj] 6a (Vigorous). 111,000 (1991 census).

Deccan

[dcc] 6a (Vigorous). 12,800,000 (2000).

Degaru

[dgu] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2000).

Dhatki

[mki] 6a (Vigorous). 16,400 in India (2000).

Dhimal

[dhi] 6a (Vigorous). 450 in India (2000 K. Cooper).

Dhodia

[dho] 6a (Vigorous). 169,000 (2001 census).

Digaro-Mishmi

[mhu] 6a (Vigorous). 34,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 34,850.

Domari

[rmt] 6a (Vigorous). 202,000 in India (2000).

Dotyali

[dty] 6a (Vigorous).

Duruwa

[pci] 6a (Vigorous). 51,200 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1986); 65% in Bastar, 35% in Koraput.

Eravallan

[era] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 5,440 (2001 census). 3,890 in Kerala and 1,560 in Tamil Nadu.

Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar

[gdb] 6a (Vigorous). 15,000 (2002 M. Kurian). 4,000–7,000 in Koraput District, Pottangi block (1995).

Gaddi

[gbk] 6a (Vigorous). 110,000 (2007).

Gowlan

[goj] 6a (Vigorous). 20,200 (2000).

Gowli

[gok] 6a (Vigorous). 35,000 (IMA 1997).

Groma

[gro] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 in India (2007 Asia Harvest).

Haryanvi

[bgc] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000,000 (2001 census). Includes 107,000 Haryanvi proper (1997). Ethnic population: 16,000,000 (1992 SIL).

Hinduri

[hii] 6a (Vigorous). 29,700 (2001 census).

Holiya

[hoy] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2002 survey).

Idu-Mishmi

[clk] 6a (Vigorous). 11,000 in India (2001 census). 20% monolingual. Population total all countries: 11,080.

Indian Sign Language

[ins] 6a (Vigorous). 2,680,000 in India (2003).

Jad

[jda] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Breton 1997).

Jangshung

[jna] 6a (Vigorous). 1,990 (1998 survey).

Jarawa

[anq] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2006 A. Abbi).

Jaunsari

[jns] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 (2001 USCWM).

Juray

[juy] 6a (Vigorous). 801,000 (2000).

Kachchi

[kfr] 6a (Vigorous). 823,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 873,000.

Kaikadi

[kep] 6a (Vigorous). 23,700 (2001 census).

Kalanadi

[wkl] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2004 survey).

Kamar

[keq] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2003 BI).

Kanashi

[xns] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (Chauhan 2002).

Kangri

[xnr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700,000 (1996 Survey).

Kanikkaran

[kev] 6a (Vigorous). 19,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 19,000.

Kanjari

[kft] 6a (Vigorous). 91,200 (1995).

Katkari

[kfu] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 294,000 Kathodi.

Khamba

[kbg] 6a (Vigorous). 1,330 (1991).

Kharia Thar

[ksy] 6a (Vigorous). Less than 25,000 L1 speakers; many have shifted to Bengali [ben] or Oriya [ori]. Ethnic population: 25,500 (2007 survey).

Khirwar

[kwx] 6a (Vigorous). 34,300.

Kinnauri, Bhoti

[nes] 6a (Vigorous). 6,790 (2000 USCWM).

Kinnauri, Chitkuli

[cik] 6a (Vigorous). 1,060 (1998 survey).

Kinnauri, Pahari

[kjo] 6a (Vigorous). 6,330 (1998 survey).

Koch

[kdq] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 in India (2007 survey), increasing. Almost no monolinguals. Includes only the Koch of Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. Population total all countries: 36,000.

Koda

[cdz] 6a (Vigorous). 43,000 in India (2001 census).

Kodaku

[ksz] 6a (Vigorous). 15,700 (1991 census).

Koireng

[nkd] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2002 BCA).

Kolami, Southeastern

[nit] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (1989 F. Blair). 1,500 speakers of Naiki (Van Driem 2007).

Koli, Wadiyara

[kxp] 6a (Vigorous). 404,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 579,000.

Korlai Creole Portuguese

[vkp] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (1998 J. Clements). 250 families (2002).

Korwa

[kfp] 6a (Vigorous). 34,600 (2001 census). Few monolinguals.

Kudiya

[kfg] 6a (Vigorous). 2,800 (2007).

Kudmali

[kyw] 6a (Vigorous). 37,000 (IMA 1997).

Kumarbhag Paharia

[kmj] 6a (Vigorous). 12,500 (Bhaskararao 2006).

Kunduvadi

[wku] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2004 SIL).

Kurmukar

[kfv] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2000 SIL).

Kurumba, Alu

[xua] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (1997).

Kurumba, Mullu

[kpb] 6a (Vigorous). 26,000 (2004 survey). 25,000 in Wayanad; 1,000 in Gudalur of Nilgiri.

Lepcha

[lep] 6a (Vigorous). 50,600 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 55,430.

Lish

[lsh] 6a (Vigorous). 2,340.

Lodhi

[lbm] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2007 survey).

Lohar, Gade

[gda] 6a (Vigorous). 1,010 (2000).

Lohar, Lahul

[lhl] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (1996).

Lyngngam

[lyg] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 in India (Singh 1994). Population total all countries: 6,000.

Mala Malasar

[ima] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2004).

Malankuravan

[mjo] 6a (Vigorous). 18,600 (2001 census).

Malapandaram

[mjp] 6a (Vigorous). 5,850 (2001 census).

Malasar

[ymr] 6a (Vigorous). 7,760 (2001 census).

Manda

[mha] 6a (Vigorous). 4,040 (2000).

Maria

[mrr] 6a (Vigorous). 165,000 (2000). 141,000 Maria and 23,700 Hill Maria.

Maria, Dandami

[daq] 6a (Vigorous). 200,000 (2000).

Marma

[rmz] 6a (Vigorous). 30,600 in India (2001 census).

Merwari

[wry] 6a (Vigorous). 3,900,000 (2001 census).

Miji

[sjl] 6a (Vigorous). 6,500 (2001).

Miju-Mishmi

[mxj] 6a (Vigorous). 18,000 in India (2006 Arunachal Tourism). Population total all countries: 18,200.

Mina

[myi] 6a (Vigorous). 3,800,000 (IMA 1997).

Mirgan

[zrg] 6a (Vigorous). 60,000 (1998 N. Lima).

Monpa, Kalaktang

[kkf] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (2005).

Monpa, Tawang

[twm] 6a (Vigorous). 8,600 in India. Population total all countries: 9,900.

Mugom

[muk] 6a (Vigorous). 500 in India (2006 SIL). 75 families in India, 60 Mugom and 15 Karmarong. In addition, there are many seasonal workers.

Mukha-Dora

[mmk] 6a (Vigorous). 29,700 (1991 census).

Munda

[unx] 6a (Vigorous). 469,000 (2001 census).

Muria, Eastern

[emu] 6a (Vigorous). 200,000 (2007).

Muria, Far Western

[fmu] 6a (Vigorous). 400,000 (2007).

Muria, Western

[mut] 6a (Vigorous). 400,000 (2000 IICCC).

[nbt] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500.

Naga, Chothe

[nct] 6a (Vigorous). 3,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,600.

Naga, Inpui

[nkf] 6a (Vigorous). 29,200 (2001 census).

Naga, Kharam

[kfw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (2000 SIL).

Naga, Makuri

[jmn] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 in India (2007).

Naga, Puimei

[npu] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2001). Mostly monolingual. Ethnic population: 3,000.

Naga, Purum

[puz] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2001 census).

Naga, Tutsa

[tvt] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2001). 50% monolingual.

Nahali

[nlx] 6a (Vigorous). 15,000 (2003).

Nahari

[nhh] 6a (Vigorous). 20,400 (2000).

Nicobarese, Southern

[nik] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500 (2001 census). 350 on Little Nicobar Island, 7,570 total on Great Nicobar, about 400 of these are Shompen.

Nimadi

[noe] 6a (Vigorous). 2,150,000 (2001 census).

Noiri

[noi] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 (2003 IICCC).

Pahari, Kullu

[kfx] 6a (Vigorous). 109,000 (1997). All Pahari 2,170,000 (1997).

Pahari, Mahasu

[bfz] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000 (2002).

Paliyan

[pcf] 6a (Vigorous). 9,520 (2001 census).

Pangwali

[pgg] 6a (Vigorous). 17,000 (1997).

Panjabi, Mirpur

[pmu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,020,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 1,040,000.

Pankhu

[pkh] 6a (Vigorous). Current population unknown. Ethnic population: 230 in India (1971).

Pao

[ppa] 6a (Vigorous). 53,000 (2000).

Pardhi

[pcl] 6a (Vigorous). 49,300 (2001 census).

Parsi

[prp] 6a (Vigorous). 151,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 326,000.

Pathiya

[pty] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2004 SIL).

Pattani

[lae] 6a (Vigorous). 11,000 (1997). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2002).

Pengo

[peg] 6a (Vigorous). Ethnic population: 350,000 (2000).

Phudagi

[phd] 6a (Vigorous). 1,010 (2000).

Pnar

[pbv] 6a (Vigorous). 243,000 in India (2001 census). Population total all countries: 247,000.

Puroik

[suv] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2011 SIL).

Purum

[pub] 6a (Vigorous).

Reli

[rei] 6a (Vigorous). 22,000 (2001 census).

Rongpo

[rnp] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500 (2001 D. Bradley).

Sakachep

[sch] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2003).

Samvedi

[smv] 6a (Vigorous).

Sartang

[onp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2005).

Savara

[svr] 6a (Vigorous). 253,000 (2001).

Shendu

[shl] 6a (Vigorous).

Sherdukpen

[sdp] 6a (Vigorous). 3,100 (2001).

Sherpa

[xsr] 6a (Vigorous). 18,300 in India (2001 census).

Shina

[scl] 6a (Vigorous). 34,400 in India (2001 census).

Sholaga

[sle] 6a (Vigorous). 24,000 (2006 IMB).

Shom Peng

[sii] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2004). Mainly monolingual.

Shumcho

[scu] 6a (Vigorous). 2,170 (1998).

Sirmauri

[srx] 6a (Vigorous). 400,000 (2005 SIL).

Spiti Bhoti

[spt] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2000).

Stod Bhoti

[sbu] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (1996).

Sunam

[ssk] 6a (Vigorous). 560 (1998).

Surgujia

[sgj] 6a (Vigorous). 1,460,000 (2001 census).

Surjapuri

[sjp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,220,000 (2001 census).

Tagin

[tgj] 6a (Vigorous). 38,200 (2001 census).

Teressa

[tef] 6a (Vigorous). 2,080 (2001 census).

Tharu, Chitwania

[the] 6a (Vigorous).

Tharu, Dangaura

[thl] 6a (Vigorous). 174,000 in India (2007).

Tharu, Kathariya

[tkt] 6a (Vigorous).

Tharu, Kochila

[thq] 6a (Vigorous).

Tharu, Rana

[thr] 6a (Vigorous). 150,000 in India (2003).

Tinani

[lbf] 6a (Vigorous). 22,600 in India (2001). Population total all countries: 23,050.

Tiwa

[lax] 6a (Vigorous). 27,100 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 171,000 (2001 census).

Toda

[tcx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,560 (2001 census).

Toto

[txo] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (King 1994).

Tukpa

[tpq] 6a (Vigorous). 610 (2000). 800 (2007).

Vaagri Booli

[vaa] 6a (Vigorous). 9,300 (2007). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2007).

Waddar

[wbq] 6a (Vigorous). 172,000 (2001 census). Ethnic population: In India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka is about 3 million (2003 IMA).

War-Jaintia

[aml] 6a (Vigorous). 25,900 in India (2001 census).

Zangskari

[zau] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2000).

6b (Threatened)

Aiton

[aio] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Morey 2006).

Allar

[all] 6b (Threatened). 350 (Shashi and Shri 1994).

Andh

[anr] 6b (Threatened). 100,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 420,000 (2007).

Apatani

[apt] 6b (Threatened). 28,400 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 35,000.

Aranadan

[aaf] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2001 census).

Bantawa

[bap] 6b (Threatened). 14,400 in India (2001 census). Few monolinguals.

Byangsi

[bee] 6b (Threatened). 2,830 in India (2000). No monolinguals.

Chamling

[rab] 6b (Threatened).

Chaudangsi

[cdn] 6b (Threatened). 1,830 (2000 USCWM). No monolinguals.

Chin, Bawm

[bgr] 6b (Threatened). 4,440 in India (2004). Population total all countries: 15,940.

Darmiya

[drd] 6b (Threatened). 1,750 (2006 C. Willis). Ethnic population: 4,000.

Dubli

[dub] 6b (Threatened). 252,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 791,000 (over half speak Gujarati [guj]) (2007).

Gadaba, Bodo

[gbj] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2000 IICCC).

Gahri

[bfu] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (1997).

Gata’

[gaq] 6b (Threatened). 3,060 (1991 census). Ethnic population: 7,370 in Odisha (census 2001).

Godwari

[gdx] 6b (Threatened). 3,000,000 (2001 census).

Gurung, Western

[gvr] 6b (Threatened). 33,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 112,000 of which 77,000 speak Nepali [npi].

Hruso

[hru] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Van Driem 2007).

Indo-Portuguese

[idb] 6b (Threatened). 4,940 in India (Cardoso 2006). Relatively few monolingual speakers even in Korlai (Cardoso 2006). Population total all countries: 4,970.

Kachari

[xac] 6b (Threatened). 59,000 (IMA 1997).

Kadar

[kej] 6b (Threatened). 1,960 (2004 survey), decreasing.

Kanauji

[bjj] 6b (Threatened). 9,500,000 (2001 USCWM).

Khamti

[kht] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 in India (Bradley 2007).

Koraga, Korra

[kfd] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (2007 census).

Koraga, Mudu

[vmd] 6b (Threatened).

Koro

[jkr] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2011).

Kui

[kxu] 6b (Threatened). 916,000 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 410,000 ethnic Kui Khond who speak Kui plus additional ethnic groups.

Kulung

[kle] 6b (Threatened).

Kumbaran

[wkb] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2004 NLCI).

Kupia

[key] 6b (Threatened). 6,600 (2007). Ethnic population: 79,000 Valmiki (2007).

Kurichiya

[kfh] 6b (Threatened). 29,400 (2004 survey). Ethnic population: 32,800 (2001 census).

Magar, Eastern

[mgp] 6b (Threatened). 71,700 in India (2006). Ethnic population: 278,000 (2006 FTT).

Mahali

[mjx] 6b (Threatened). 33,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 278,000 (2007).

Mal Paharia

[mkb] 6b (Threatened). 51,000 (Bhaskararao 2006). Possibly 40,000 in West Bengal. Ethnic population: 111,000 (2000).

Malavedan

[mjr] 6b (Threatened). Total population unknown. 6,190 in Kerala, 6,410 in Tamil Nadu (2001 census). Ethnic population: 12,600 (2001 census).

Mannan

[mjv] 6b (Threatened). 7,850 (2001 census).

Nihali

[nll] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (Parkin 1991). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987).

Öñge

[oon] 6b (Threatened). 94 (Abbi 2006). Mainly monolingual. Ethnic population: 110 (1999).

Pardhan

[pch] 6b (Threatened). 135,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 347,000.

Powari

[pwr] 6b (Threatened). 426,000 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 2,000,000 (1986 All India Powar Council).

Sentinel

[std] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Abbi 2006).

Thachanadan

[thn] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2004 survey).

Thangmi

[thf] 6b (Threatened). 500 in India.

Vishavan

[vis] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Shashi and Shri 1994).

7 (Shifting)

A’tong

[aot] 7 (Shifting). 4,600 in India. Population total all countries: 10,000.

Bazigar

[bfr] 7 (Shifting). 58,200 (1981 census). Ethnic population: 800,000.

Bellari

[brw] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (Van Driem 2007).

Majhi

[mjz] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (2002, NFDIN Act, No. 20, Section 2C). 20,400 in India (2000). Ethnic population: 121,000 (2007).

Majhwar

[mmj] 7 (Shifting). 34,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 174,000 (2007).

Manna-Dora

[mju] 7 (Shifting). Population unknown. Ethnic population: 30,000.

Ralte

[ral] 7 (Shifting). 900 (2007). Ethnic population: 34,000.

Rawat

[jnl] 7 (Shifting). 670 (1998).

Sansi

[ssi] 7 (Shifting). 60,000 in India (Gusain 2002). Population total all countries: 76,200.

Yakkha

[ybh] 7 (Shifting). 810 in India (2000). Ethnic population: 6,300 in India (2007).

Zakhring

[zkr] 7 (Shifting). 300 in India (2002).

8a (Moribund)

Turi

[trd] 8a (Moribund). 2,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 354,000 (2007).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Great Andamanese, Mixed

[gac] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2009 A. Abbi). The last fluent speaker died in 2009. Ethnic population: 55.

Khamyang

[ksu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (2003 S. Morey). Ethnic population: Over 800.

Nefamese

[nef] 8b (Nearly extinct). Population unknown. May be replaced by Hindi (2006 Y. Modi).

Parenga

[pcj] 8b (Nearly extinct). Ethnic population: 12,600 in Odisha (2001 census).

Ruga

[ruh] 8b (Nearly extinct).

9 (Dormant)

Malaryan

[mjq] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 35,000 (2001 census).

Rangkas

[rgk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,010 in India, 1,420 all countries (2000).

Ullatan

[ull] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 16,700 (2001 census).

Urali

[url] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 6,440 (2001 census).

9 (Second language only)

Ahom

[aho] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers.

Pali

[pli] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers in India.

10 (Extinct)

A-Pucikwar

[apq] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Bea

[abj] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Bo

[akm] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Cari

[aci] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Jeru

[akj] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Kede

[akx] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Kol

[aky] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Aka-Kora

[ack] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Akar-Bale

[acl] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Lui

[lba] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Nagarchal

[nbg] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Nora

[nrr] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Oko-Juwoi

[okj] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Turung

[try] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Ethnologue

India

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