Peru
PrintPrimary tabs
Abishira
[ash] Lake Vacacocha, Napo river, Puerto Elvira. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Abigira, Abiquira, Agouisiri, Auishiri, Avirxiri, Ixignor, Tequraca, Vacacocha Classification: Unclassified
Achuar-Shiwiar
[acu] Northwest Loreto Region on the Ecuador border, between Morona and Tigre rivers. Also in Ecuador. 3,000 in Peru. Majority are monolingual. Population total all countries: 7,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Achual, Achuale, Achuar, Achuara, Jivaro, Maina Dialects: Different from Shuar [jiv] (Jivaro) of Ecuador.
Classification: Jivaroan, Jívaro
Aguano
[aga] Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, right bank tributary of Marañon river. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aguanu, Awano, Santa Crucino, Uguano Classification: Unclassified Comments: Ruhlen (1987) says this is the same as Chamicuro [ccc]. Chamicuro say they were not the same, but the Aguano spoke Quechua (1987 M. Wise).
Aguaruna
[agr] Upper west Marañon river area; Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. 38,300 (2000 SIL), increasing. Almost no monolinguals. Status: 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Aguajún, Ahuajún, Awajún Dialects: Similar to Huambisa [hub] and Achuar-Shiwiar [acu].
Classification: Jivaroan Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Ajyíninka Apurucayali
[cpc] Pachitea river, Apurucayali tributary. 4,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Ajyéninka, Apurucayali Campa, Ashaninca, Ashéninca Apurucayali, “Axininka Campa” (pej.), “Campa” (pej.) Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with varieties of Ashéninka.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga
Amahuaca
[amc] Southeast Amazon basin, Ucayali and Madre de Dios regions scattered on Sepahua, Curiuja, Curanja, Upper Ucayali, Inuya, Mapuya, Purus, Aguaytía, Yuruá, and Las Piedras rivers. Also in Brazil. 90 in Peru (2000 SIL), decreasing. 20 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 310. Ethnic population: 500 (300 in Peru and 200 in Brazil). Perhaps 50 not contacted in border areas. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Amaguaco, Amawaka, Ameuhaque, Ipitineri, Sayaco Dialects: Most similar to Kashinawa [cbs] and Shipibo-Conibo [shp].
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Amarakaeri
[amr] Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. 500 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,620, including Huachipaeri [hug] (Crevels 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Amaracaire, Amarakaire, “Mashco” (pej.) Dialects: Kisambaeri. Harakmbet languages not Arawakan.
Classification: Harákmbut Comments: Ethnic subgroups: Kochimberi, Küpondirideri, Wíntaperi, Wakitaneri, Kareneri.
Andoa
Arabela
[arl] Arabela river, tributary of Napo. 2 villages. 50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2002 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chiripuno, Chiripunu Classification: Zaparoan, Záparo, Arabela-Andoa Comments: Pananuyuri is a division of the Arabela.
Asháninka
[cni] Apurimac, Ene, Perene, and Tambo rivers and tributaries. 26,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 25,000 to 30,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Asháninca, “Campa” (pej.) Dialects: Similar to Ashéninka varieties, Caquinte [cot] and Machiguenga [mcb].
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa
Ashéninka Pajonal
[cjo] Central Gran Pajonal area. 12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Ashéninca, Atsiri, “Campa” (pej.), Pajonal Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga
Ashéninka Perené
[prq] Upper Perené river. 5,500 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Ashéninca Perené, “Perené Campa” (pej.) Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with other Ashéninka varieties.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga
Ashéninka, Pichis
[cpu] Pichis and tributaries except Apurucayali. 12,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Pichis Ashéninca, “Pichis Campa” (pej.) Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with other Ashéninka varieties.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga
Ashéninka, South Ucayali
[cpy] South Ucayali Region, upper Ucayali river and tributaries. 13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Most closely related to Pajonal Ashéninka [cjo].
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga
Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa
[cpb] Ucayali river tributaries of Pachitea, Arruya, Shahuaya, Sheshea, Cohengua, Inuya; Yurúa river. Also in Brazil. 7,000 in Peru (2001 SIL). Population total all countries: 7,870. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Ucayali Ashéninca Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with other Ashéninka varieties.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga
Aushiri
Aymara, Central
[ayr] Lake Titicaca area, Puno. 442,000 in Peru (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Classification: Aymaran, Aymara Comments: Lupaca is the main literary dialect.
Aymara, Southern
[ayc] From Lake Titicaca toward the ocean. 219,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara [ayr]. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1982).
Classification: Aymaran, Aymara
Bora
[boa] Northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo, Ampiyacu river area. 5 villages. Also in Brazil (Miranha), Colombia. 2,330 in Peru (2000). Population total all countries: 2,430. Ethnic population: 3,000 (Crevels 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Miraña Dialects: Distinct from Bora Muinane [bmr] but related.
Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane
Cahuarano
[cah] Loreto Region, Maynas province, Nanay river headwaters. 5 (1976 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Zaparoan, Iquito-Cahuarano
Candoshi-Shapra
[cbu] Morona, Pastaza, Huitoyacu, and Chapuli rivers. 1,120 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Murato Dialects: Chapara (Shapra), Kandoashi. May be distantly related to Arawakan; probably not Jivaroan.
Classification: Language isolate
Capanahua
[kaq] Tapiche-Buncuya rivers area. 50 (Crevels 2007). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 350–400 (Crevels 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kapanawa Dialects: Pahenbaquebo. Most similar language is Shipibo [shp]. Lexical similarity: 50%–60% with Shipibo [shp].
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo Comments: “Capacho” is a pejorative term. Christian, traditional religion.
Caquinte
[cot] Poyeni, Mayapo, and Picha rivers. Upper Poyeni river, which flows into Tambo Yori and Agueni rivers which become Mipaya river flowing into the Urubamba; a few on Sensa and Vitiricaya rivers, affluents of the Urubamba. 300 (2000 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 300. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: “Cachomashiri” (pej.), Caquinte Campa, Poyenisati Dialects: Most similar to Asháninka [cni].
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Machiguenga
Cashibo-Cacataibo
[cbr] Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers. 1,150 (Crevels 2007). Some women over 50 monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Cachibo, Cacibo, Cahivo, Caxibo, Hagueti, Managua Dialects: Cacataibo de Mariscal, Cacataibo de Sinchi Roca, Cashibo.
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Cashibo Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Chamicuro
[ccc] Loreto Region, Pampa Hermosa, Huallaga tributary. 2 (Adelaar 2004). Ethnic population: 10–20 (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Chamicolo, Chamicura Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Western Comments: May be the same as Aguano [aga] (1987 M. Ruhlen). Chamicuro speakers say it is different (1987 M. Wise).
Chayahuita
[cbt] Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers. 7,870 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 12,000 (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chawi, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Paranapura, Shawi, Shayabit, Tshaahui Dialects: Cahuapana, Chayahuita. Not intelligible with Jebero [jeb].
Classification: Cahuapanan
Cholón
[cht] Huallaga river valley, Tingo María to Valle. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Seeptsa, Tinganeses Dialects: Ruhlen classifies it as Andean; Adelaar as in Hibito-Cholon family.
Classification: Cholonan
Cocama-Cocamilla
[cod] Northeast lower Ucayali, lower Marañon, and Huallaga rivers area. Also in Brazil, Colombia. 250 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Crevels 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cocama, Huallaga, Kokama, Pampadeque, Pandequebo, Ucayali, Xibitaoan Dialects: Cocama, Cocamilla. Most similar to Omagua [omg].
Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Culina
[cul] Southeast, near Brazilian border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers. 400 in Peru (2002 Boyer), increasing. Primarily monolingual. Ethnic population: 400. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kollina, Kulina, Kulino, Kulyna, Kurina, Madihá, Madija Classification: Arauan Comments: Christian.
Ese Ejja
[ese] Tambopata and Heath rivers, Maldonado area. 230 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: “Chama” (pej.), Ese Eja, Ese Exa, Ese’ejja, Huarayo, Tambopata-Guarayo, Tiatinagua Classification: Tacanan, Chama
Hibito
[hib] Bobonaje river, Jelache tributary, Huayabamba tributary entering Huallaga west. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chibito, Ibito, Jibito, Xibita, Zibito Classification: Cholonan Comments: In 1851 there were 500.
Huachipaeri
[hug] Upper Madre de Dios and Keros rivers. 310 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,620, including Amarakaeri [amr] (Crevels 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Huachipaire, “Mashco” (pej.), Wacipaire Dialects: Arasairi, Huachipaire, Sapiteri, Toyeri (Toyoeri, Tuyuneri). Similar to Amarakaeri [amr]. Sapiteri integrating with Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) integrated with the Toyeri and others with Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri; similar to Sapiteri.
Classification: Harákmbut
Huambisa
Huitoto, Murui
[huu] Northeast, Ampiyacu, Putumayo, and Napo rivers; north of Amazon river between Iquitos, Peru and Leticia, Colombia south, Caquetá river north. Also in Colombia. 1,000 in Peru (1995 SIL), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Population total all countries: 7,800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Bue, Witoto Dialects: Mica.
Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Huitoto, Nüpode
Iñapari
[inp] Piedras River, mouth of Sabaluyo, near Puerto Maldonado. 4 (1999 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Inamari Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro
Iquito
[iqu] Loreto Region, Pintoyacu, Nanay, and Chambira rivers; San Antonia and Atalaya. 35 (2002 SIL), decreasing. 1 monolingual. Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Amacacore, Hamacore, Ikito, Iquita, Puca-Uma, Quiturran Dialects: Pintuyacu. Similar to Cahuarano [cah].
Classification: Zaparoan, Iquito-Cahuarano Comments: In 1958–1966 there were 100 speakers on the verge of extinction and acculturation to Spanish-speaking society. Children understood but did not speak, adults were bilingual with Spanish, older people understood Spanish, but only spoke Iquito. Speakers died from measles, whooping cough, and pneumonia. The rubber boom and landowner (patron) system had devastating effects. Christian.
Isconahua
Jaqaru
[jqr] Lima Region, Yauyos province, Tupe and Cachuy villages. 740 (Adelaar 2004). 730 Jaqaru, 11 Kawki (1998). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aru, Haqaru, Haq’aru, Haqearu Dialects: Cauqui (Cachuy, Kawki). Cauqui dialect is more and more considered to be a separate language from Jaqaru (Crevels 2007). Lexical similarity: 73% with Aymara [ayr], 79% with Cauqui dialect and Aymara.
Classification: Aymaran, Tupe
Jebero
[jeb] Loreto Region, Alto Amazonas province, Jeberos district, between Marañon and Huallaga rivers. 2,500 (2006). Ethnic population: 2,000 to 3,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Chebero, Shiwilu, Xebero, Xihuila Classification: Cahuapanan
Kashinawa
[cbs] Curanja and Purus rivers. Also in Brazil (Cashinahua). 750 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Population total all countries: 1,150. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Cashinahua, Caxinawa, Caxinawá, Kashinahua, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa Dialects: Possibly most similar to Sharanahua [mcd].
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Machiguenga
[mcb] Urubamba, Camisea, Picha, Manu, Timpia, Tigompinia, Kompiroshiato, and Mishagua rivers. 5910 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 13,000 (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Mañaries, Matsiganga, Matsigenka Dialects: Most similar to Nomatsiguenga [not]. There are minor dialects.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Machiguenga
Mashco Piro
[cuj] Ucayali Region, Purús province; Upper Purús Region. 60 (1976 SIL). Completely monolingual. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cujareno, Cujareño, “Mashco” (pej.) Dialects: About 60% inherent intelligibility of Yine [pib].
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro Comments: Highly nomadic.
Matsés
[mcf] Loreto Region, along lower Yaquerana river and tributaries; lower Yavari; along Chobayacu and Gálvez rivers. Also in Brazil. 1,400 in Peru (2006 SIL). Population total all countries: 2,230. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Magirona, Majuruna, Matses-Mayoruna, Maxirona, Maxuruna, Mayiruna, Mayoruna, Mayuzuna Dialects: Different from Mayo [mfy] or Maya and Marúbo [mzr] of Brazil.
Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés
Muniche
[myr] Loreto Region, Paranapura river, Muniches town. 3 (1988 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Munichi, Munichino, Otanabe, Otanave Classification: Language isolate
Nanti
[cox] Headwaters of Camisea and Timpia rivers. 250 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 250 (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: “Cogapacori” (pej.), “Kogapakori” (pej.) Dialects: Most closely related to Machiguenga [mcb], but have remained separate.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga Comments: Traditional religion.
Nomatsiguenga
[not] Junín Region, between Ene and Perené rivers; Anapati river system in the foothills. 6,500 (2003 SIL). 5,500 to 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population about the same as the L1 population (Crevels 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: “Nomatsiguenga Campa” (pej.) Dialects: Most similar to Machiguenga [mcb].
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga Comments: Bilingual education program (2007). Traditional religion, Christian.
Nonuya
[noj] Loreto Region, Maynas province, Putumayo district. 1 in Peru (2007 J. Echeverri). Ethnic population covers both Colombia and Peru. Ethnic population: 90. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Witotoan
Ocaina
[oca] Northeast, Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers. Also in Colombia. 54 in Peru (2000). Population total all countries: 194. Ethnic population: 150 in Peru (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Okaina Dialects: Dukaiya, Ibo’tsa.
Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina
Omagua
[omg] Loreto Region, San Joaquín de Omaguas, San Salvador de Omaguas, El Porvenir, Grau, and other settlements on lower Marañón left bank, near Ucayali river mouth. Also in Brazil. No known L1 speakers in Peru. Ethnic population: 630 (1976). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambeeba, Cambela, Campeba, Canga-Peba, Compeva, Kambeba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata Dialects: Most similar to Cocama-Cocamilla [cod].
Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama
Omurano
[omu] No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Humurana, Mayna, Numurana, Roamaina, Umurano Classification: Language isolate Comments: Extinct by 1958.
Orejón
[ore] Yanayacu, Sucusari, Algodón, and Putumayo rivers. 220 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 290 (Crevels 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Coto, Koto, Mai Ja, Orechon, Oregon, Payagua, Tutapi Dialects: Nebaji.
Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan
Panobo
[pno] Ucayali river mixed with the Shetebo [shp] language group. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Huariapano, Manoa, Pana, Pano, Pelado, Wariapano Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Pano Comments: Last speaker died 1991.
Peruvian Sign Language
[prl] Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Varieties seen in different geographical regions and between generations.
Classification: Deaf sign language Comments: Manual alphabet for spelling.
Pisabo
[pig] Matses territory, between Tapíche and Blanco rivers. 600 (2006). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pisagua, Pisahua Classification: Panoan
Quechua
[que] Population total all countries: 9,062,820. Comments: Member languages are: Ambo-Pasco Quechua [qva], Arequipa-La Unión Quechua [qxu], Ayacucho Quechua [quy], Cajamarca Quechua [qvc], Cajatambo North Lima Quechua [qvl], Calderón Highland Quichua [qud] (Ecuador), Cañar Highland Quichua [qxr] (Ecuador), Chachapoyas Quechua [quk], Chaupihuaranga Quechua [qur], Chilean Quechua [cqu] (Chile), Chimborazo Highland Quichua [qug] (Ecuador), Chincha Quechua [qxc], Chiquián Ancash Quechua [qxa], Classical Quechua [qwc], Corongo Ancash Quechua [qwa], Cusco Quechua [quz], Eastern Apurímac Quechua [qve], Huallaga Huánuco Quechua [qub], Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua [qvh], Huaylas Ancash Quechua [qwh], Huaylla Wanca Quechua [qvw], Imbabura Highland Quichua [qvi] (Ecuador), Jauja Wanca Quechua [qxw], Lambayeque Quechua [quf], Loja Highland Quichua [qvj] (Ecuador), Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua [qvm], Napo Lowland Quechua [qvo], North Bolivian Quechua [qul] (Bolivia), North Junín Quechua [qvn], Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua [qxn], Northern Pastaza Quichua [qvz] (Ecuador), Pacaraos Quechua [qvp], Panao Huánuco Quechua [qxh], Puno Quechua [qxp], Salasaca Highland Quichua [qxl] (Ecuador), San Martín Quechua [qvs], Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua [qxt], Santiago del Estero Quichua [qus] (Argentina), Sihuas Ancash Quechua [qws], South Bolivian Quechua [quh] (Bolivia), Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua [qxo], Southern Pastaza Quechua [qup], Tena Lowland Quichua [quw] (Ecuador), Yauyos Quechua [qux]
Quechua, Ambo-Pasco
[qva] Huánuco Region, Ambo Province, Huacar, San Francisco de Mosca, and San Rafael districts. Pasco Region, Pasco province, Chaupimarca, Huachón, Huariaca, Ninacaca, Pallanchacra, San Francisco de Asís de Yarusyacán, Simón Bolívar, Ticlacayán, Tinyahuarca, Vicco, and Yanacancha districts. 90,000 (1998 SIL), decreasing. 20% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 90,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: San Rafael-Huariaca Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión
[qxu] Arequipa Region, La Unión province, Cotahuasi district; Apurímac department, Antabamba province. 18,600 (2000). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 32,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Arequipa Quechua, Cotahuasi Quechua Dialects: Antabamba (Apurímac), Cotahuasi, Highland Arequipa, Northern Arequipa. More similar linguistically to Cusco than to Ayacucho. Very similar to Eastern Apurímac [qve].
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua Comments: Christian.
Quechua, Ayacucho
[quy] Southwest Ayacucho Region and Lima. 900,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 300,000 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Chanka Dialects: Andahuaylas, Huancavelica. Lexical similarity: 96% with Surcubamba, Puquio, and Cusco [quz].
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, Cajamarca
[qvc] Cajamarca Region, Chetilla and Los Baños districts. Western dialect: Chetilla district; Eastern dialect: Porcón and Cajamarca valley areas. 30,000 (2000 D. Coombs). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Eastern Cajamarca, Western Cajamarca. Relatively minor dialect differences. Lexical similarity: 94% with Lambayeque [quf] (most similar), 92% with Pacaraos [qvp].
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Yungay, Northern Comments: Christian.
Quechua, Cajatambo North Lima
[qvl] Northeast Lima Region, Copa, Cajatambo, Huancapón, and northern Manas districts; southeast Ancash Region, Pacllón, La Primavera, and Mangas (south of Llamac, east of Pativilca rivers) districts. 7,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,800 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: 74% intelligibility of Huamalíes Quechua [qvh].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay Comments: Christian.
Quechua, Chachapoyas
[quk] Amazonas Region, Chachapoyas and Luya provinces. 7,000 (2003 SIL). 100–300 monolinguals (2003). Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Amazonas Dialects: Grenada-Mendoza (East Chachapoyas), La Jalca (South Chachapoyas), Lamud (West Chachapoyas), Llakwash Chachapoyas. Most similar to San Martín Quechua [qvs].
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Quechua, Chaupihuaranga
[qur] West Pasco Region, Yanahuanca, Villcabamba, Tapoc, Chacayan, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Goyllarisquizqa, and Chinche districts; sparsely populated high country, more densely populated valleys. 20,500 (1972 census), decreasing. 8,200 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Daniel Carrion, Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua Dialects: Many related Quechua dialects intersect here: Junín [qvn], Ambo-Pasco [qva], Santa Ana de Tusi [qxt], Cajatambo [qvl], and Huamalies-Dos de Mayo Huanuco [qvh]. Further intelligibility studies may be needed.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay
Quechua, Chincha
[qxc] Ica Region, northeast Chincha province; Huancavelica Region, northwest Castrovirreyna province; Lima Region, southeast Yauyos province. 6,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay Comments: A highly differentiated linguistic area; many single village varieties. Separate identity from Wanka, Junin, and Ayacucho Quechua.
Quechua, Chiquián Ancash
[qxa] Southeast Ancash Region, Bolognesi province, Chiquián district, western Bolognesi west of Pativilca river and north of Llamac river; east Ocros, Corpanqui valley border. Western Ocros may be included, but the dialect is a bit different. 10,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 4,000 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Possibly intelligible of Cajatambo Quechua [qvl]. Some contact of Cajatambo and very little with Huamalíes [qvh]. 73% intelligibility of Huamalíes.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay Comments: Different identity from Huamalíes and Huaylas. Christian.
Quechua, Classical
[qwc] Central Peru. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua
Quechua, Corongo Ancash
[qwa] North Ancash Region, Corongo province, Aco, Corongo, Cusca, La Pampa, and Yanac districts. Most in Aco and Cusca. 4,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 1,700 monolinguals (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Most closely related to Huaylas [qwh] and Sihuas [qws] Quechua. Some contact with Sihuas, Northern Conchucos [qxn], and Huaylas by road.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos Comments: Separate identity from Sihuas, Northern Conchucos, and Huaylas. Christian.
Quechua, Cusco
[quz] Cusco, half of Puno, and northeast Arequipa regions. 1,500,000 (1989 UBS). 300,000–500,000 monolinguals. Total Quechua in Peru 3,500,000–4,400,000 including Quechua I 750,000, Quechua II 2,680,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 1,500,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Cuzco, Cuzco Quechua, Qheswa, Quechua Cusco, Quechua de Cusco-Collao, Quechua Qosqo-Qollaw, Runasimi Qusqu Qullaw Dialects: Caylloma Quechua, Eastern Apurímac Quechua, Puno Quechua. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua.
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, Eastern Apurímac
[qve] Apurímac Region, Abancay, Grau, Cotabambas, Antabamba Ayamaraes, and Andahuaylas provinces; Arequipa Region, La Unión province. 200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals (30% in towns, 60%–70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes). Ethnic population: 200,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Apurímac Quechua, Quechua del Este de Apurímac Dialects: Abancay, Antabamba, Cotabambas. Arequipa-La Unión Quechua [qxu] very similar to the Antabamba dialect.
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua Comments: Different from Cusco Quechua [quz] and Ayacucho Quechua [quy]. Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, Huallaga Huánuco
[qub] Northeast Huánuco Region, Huánuco city. 40,000 (1993 SIL). 66% monolingual. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah
Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco
[qvh] Northwest Huánuco Region. 72,400 (2000). 20,000–30,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 80,000–110,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Huamalíes, Monzón, Northern Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity: 96% with Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua [qvm].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca
Quechua, Huaylas Ancash
[qwh] Central Ancash Region, Huaraz, Carhuaz, and Caraz provinces; Callejón de Huaylas. 336,000 (2000). Less than 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Huaraz Quechua Dialects: Huailas (Huaylas), Huaraz, Yungay. Not intelligible of Cusco [quz], Ayacucho [quy], Huaylla Wanca Quechua [qvw], Cajamarca [qvc], Chachapoyas Quechua [quk], or San Martín Quechua [qvs] (Parker 1976).
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay Comments: Christian.
Quechua, Huaylla Wanca
[qvw] South Junín Region, Huancayo and Concepción provinces. 250,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Huanca Huaylla Quechua, Southern Huancayo Quechua Dialects: East Waylla, Waycha (Central Huancayo, Huaycha), West Waylla.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay
Quechua, Jauja Wanca
[qxw] Central Junín Region, Jauja province. 25,000 (1962 census). Ethnic population: 77,700 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Huanca Jauja Quechua, Shausha Wanka Quechua Dialects: Considerable phonological differences with North Junín [qvn].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay
Quechua, Lambayeque
[quf] Lambayeque Region, Inkawasi, Kañaris, and Miracosta districts; Penachí and Santa Lucía communities; adjacent areas of Cajamarca and Piura. 20,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Ferreñafe Dialects: Cañaris, Incahuasi. Lexical similarity: 94% with Cajamarca Quechua [qvc].
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Yungay, Northern
Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha
[qvm] Southwest and south central Huánuco Region, Obas, Aparicio Pomares, Cahuac, Chavinillo, Chacabamba, Jacas Chico, Rondos, San Francisco de Asis, Jivia, Baños, Queropalca, Jesús, San Miguel de Cauri, Yarumayo, Margos, and San Pedro de Chaulán districts. 83,400 (1993 census). 14,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 114,000 (1993 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 90% with Panao [qxh], 85% with Corongo Ancash [qwa], Sihuas [qws], Monzón Ancash, North Junín [qvn], Ulcumayo Quechua.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca
Quechua, Napo Lowland
[qvo] Madre de Dios Region, Napo river area; communities on the Putumayo. Also in Colombia (Napo Lowland Quichua), Ecuador (Napo Lowland Quichua). 10,000 in Peru (2009). Population total all countries: 24,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Kicho, Lowland Napo Quichua, Napo, Napo Kichua, Napo Lowland Quichua, Quijo, Quixo, Runa Shimi, Santa Rosa Quechua, Santarrosino, Yumbo Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay Comments: Christian.
Quechua, North Junín
[qvn] North Junín Region, Junín, Carhuamayo, Ondores, and San Pedro de Cajas districts, southeast of Pasco. 60,000 (1998). 7,000 monolinguals (1972 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Junín Quechua, Tarma-Junín Quechua Dialects: 2 dialects in Tarma Province which differ from Junín town variety. Lexical similarity: 97% with Cajatambo [qvl], 96% with Arequipa-La Unión Quechua [qxu].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay
Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash
[qxn] East Ancash Region, Pomabamba to San Luis; northwest Huánuco department, Huarcrachuco; possibly north Marañon area. 250,000 (2002 SIL). 65,000 monolinguals (1994 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Conchucos Quechua, Northern Conchucos Quechua Dialects: Related to Southern Conchucos [qxo], Huamalíes [qvh], and Sihuas [qws].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, Pacaraos
[qvp] East central Lima Region, Pacaraos village. 250 (Adelaar 1992). Ethnic population: 900. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Divergent lexically, morphologically, and phonologically from other Quechua. By its archaic features it occupies an important position relative to the reconstruction of Proto-Quechua. Lexical similarity: 94% with Huarí, Cajatambo [qvl], North Junín [qvn], and Carás Quechua.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua
Quechua, Panao Huánuco
[qxh] East central Huánuco Region. 50,000 (2002 SIL). 10,000 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Pachitea Quechua Dialects: Lexical similarity: 98% with Arequipa-La Unión [qxu], 96% with Cajatambo Quechua [qvl].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Marañón
Quechua, Puno
[qxp] Northeast Puno Region; Moquegua Region highland area. 500,000. 100,000 monolinguals (2002). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Quechua Collao, Quechua Qollaw Dialects: Cailloma Quechua, North Bolivian Quechua. Mutually intelligible of Cusco Quechua [quz] and North Bolivian Quechua [qul], possibly sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse.
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua Comments: Differs from Cusco Quechua [quz] in borrowing of lexicon and morphology from Aymara [ayr]. Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, San Martín
[qvs] Loreto Region; San Martín Region, Sisa, Lamas, and other districts, and along Ucayali river. Lamas town is cultural center. 15,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 44,000 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Lama, Lamano, Lamista, Lamisto, Motilón, Ucayali Dialects: Several minor dialects.
Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay Comments: Traditional religion, Christian.
Quechua, Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco
Quechua, Sihuas Ancash
[qws] Ancash Region, Sihuas province, districts west of Sihuas river; north of Rupac river, south Quiches, Alfonso Ugarte, Huayllabamba, Sihuas, and west Ragash. 6,500 (2002 SIL), decreasing. 3,000 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Most closely related to Northern Conchucos [qxn] and Corongo Quechua [qwa]. Initial intelligibility testing shows marginal intelligibility of Corongo Quechua [qwa]. Intelligibility of Northern Conchucos [qxn] appears lower.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos
Quechua, Southern Conchucos Ancash
[qxo] East Ancash Region, Chavín to San Luis to Llamellín; northwest Huánuco Region, Huacaybamba, Huacrachuco, San Buenaventura, and Pinra districts; much of southern Marañon province. 250,000 (1994 census), increasing. 80,000 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Conchucos Quechua, Southern Conchucos Quechua Dialects: Related to Northern Conchucos [qxn], Huamalíes [qvh], and Huaylas [qwh].
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Quechua, Southern Pastaza
[qup] North jungle, Anatico lake, Pastaza and Huasaga rivers; Ñucuray River and Manchari. 1,550 (2000). 20% monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Inga Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay Comments: Distinct from Northern Pastaza Quechua [qvz] of Peru and Ecuador.
Quechua, Yauyos
[qux] Lima Region, Yauyos province; Ica Region, north Chincha province; Huancavelica Region, northeast Castrovirreyna province. 6,500 (2003 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality (1999, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Apurí, Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos (Huangáscar), Cacra-Hongos, Huancaya-Vitis, Laraos, Madean-Viñac (Madeán), San Pedro de Huacarpana, Tana-Lincha (Lincha), Tomás-Alis (Alis). Not 1 language–a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many 1-village varieties.
Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay
Quichua, Northern Pastaza
Remo
[rem] Between Tapiche and Calleria rivers. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Rheno Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo Comments: The people who may have spoken this language may be in Brazil at Moa river headwaters but there is no evidence of this.
Resígaro
[rgr] Northeast, Loreto Region, Bora and Ocaina villages. 14 (1976 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Resígero Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon
Secoya
[sey] North, Boca de Angusilla and Santa Marta, a small river off Napo river near Ecuador border. 680 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 680 (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Angotero, Encabellao Dialects: Angotero, Piojé.
Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje
Sensi
[sni] Ucayali river right bank. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mananahua, Senti, Tenti Classification: Panoan Comments: In 1925 there were 100. Subgroups: Ynubu (Inubu), Runubu, and Casca.
Sharanahua
[mcd] Upper Purús river area. Also in Brazil. 450 in Peru (2000 SIL). 70% monolingual. 300 Mastanahua. Population total all countries: 453. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Chandinahua, Marinahua (Marinawa), Mastanahua. Similar to Yaminahua [yaa] Chitonahua dialect and Yora [mts].
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Shipibo-Conibo
[shp] Northeast middle Ucayali river area, Painaco, Requena, Sur Bolognesi, and Pisqui opposite Contamana. 26,000 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Dialects: Conibo (Coniba), Pisquibo, Shetebo (Manoita, Setebo, Setibo, Xitibo), Shipibo (Alto Ucayali), Shipibo del Madre de Dios.
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Spanish
[spa] 26,000,000 in Peru (2011). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Castellano, Español Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
Spanish, Loreto-Ucayali
[spq] Loreto and Ucayali river areas. 2,800 (2006). Some monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jungle Spanish Dialects: Some have limited comprehension of colloquial standard Spanish [spa].
Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
Taushiro
Ticuna
[tca] Northeast Amazon river area, from Chimbote to San Antonio do Iça in Brazil. 8,000 in Peru (2000 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tikuna, Tukuna Classification: Language isolate Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
Urarina
[ura] Loreto Region, Urarinas district, Pucayacu, Chambira, and Urituyacu rivers. 3,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Itucali, Shimacu, Simacu Dialects: Several dialects with minor differences. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean.
Classification: Language isolate
Yagua
[yad] Northeast Amazon river area, Loreto Region, from Iquitos to Brazil border. Also in Colombia. 5,690 in Peru (2000). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Llagua, Nijyamïï Nikyejaada, Yahua, Yava, Yegua Dialects: 2 dialects.
Classification: Yaguan Comments: Some go to urban centers like Iquitos for economic reasons, and occasionally to Brazil. Christian, traditional religion.
Yameo
[yme] Marañon and Amazon rivers from Tigre mouth to Nanay river. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Yaguan
Yaminahua
[yaa] Yuruá, Mapuya, and Mishagua. Also in Bolivia, Brazil. 750 in Peru (2003 SIL). 400 Yaminahua (1998 SIL), 150 Chitonahua. Population total all countries: 1,570. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jaminawá, Yamanawa, Yaminawa, Yuminahua Dialects: Chitonahua (Foredafa, Horudahua, Horunahua, Moronahua, Morunahua), Yaminahua. Most similar to Sharanahua [mcd].
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State Comments: Subgroups: Masronahua (Masrodawa), Nishinahua (Nishidawa), Chitonahua (Chitodawa), Shaonahua (Shaodawa).
Yanesha’
[ame] Central and east Pasco Region; Junín Region, western jungle, headwaters of Pachitea and Perené rivers. 9,830 (2000). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Amage, Amagues, Amaje, Amajo, Amoishe, Amueixa, Amuese, Amuesha, Amuetamo, Lorenzo, Omage Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Western Comments: Ethnic autonym: Yanesha.
Yine
[pib] Ucayali and Cusco regions, east central Urubamba river area; Ucayali and Loreto regions, Ucayali river, Conatmana and Pucallpa; Madre de Dios Region, Madre de Dios river. 4,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 4,000–5,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Chontaquiro, Contaquiro, Pira, “Piro” (pej.), Pirro, Simiranch, “Simirinche” (pej.) Dialects: Machinere [mpd] in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature.
Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro Comments: Christian.
Yora
[mts] Ucayali Region, Sepahua on Urubamba river; Serjali on upper Mishagua; Madre de Dios Region, Manu national park, on Upper Manu, Lower Cashpajali, and Panagua rivers. 170 (Crevels 2007). Possibly another 400 uncontacted speakers on the Upper Piedras River (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (Crevels 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Manu Park Panoan, Nahua, Parquenahua, Yoranahua, Yura Dialects: Similar to Yaminahua [yaa] and Sharanahua [mcd].
Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified Comments: Christian, traditional religion.