Papua New Guinea

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1 (National)

English

[eng] 1 (National). De facto national language. 150,000 in Papua New Guinea (Crystal 2003).

Tok Pisin

[tpi] 1 (National). De facto national language. 122,000 (2004 SIL). 50,000 monolinguals.

3 (Wider communication)

Dobu

[dob] 3 (Wider communication). 10,000 (1998 SIL). 60% monolingual.

Kâte

[kmg] 3 (Wider communication). 20,000 (2011 M. Muhujupe). Ethnic population: 12,500.

Kuanua

[ksd] 3 (Wider communication). 61,000 (1991 SIL).

Kuman

[kue] 3 (Wider communication). 115,000 (2000 census), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Motu, Hiri

[hmo] 3 (Wider communication). Very few L1 speakers (1992 T. Dutton).

Petats

[pex] 3 (Wider communication). 2,000 (1975 SIL).

4 (Educational)

Adzera

[adz] 4 (Educational). 30,000 (2000 census). Few monolinguals among the youngest and oldest. Ethnic population: 31,000.

Amanab

[amn] 4 (Educational). 4,420 (2003 SIL).

Anem

[anz] 4 (Educational). 800 (2011 SIL).

Arop-Lokep

[apr] 4 (Educational). 3,020 (2000 census), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Awad Bing

[bcu] 4 (Educational). 1,450 (2000 SIL).

Bargam

[mlp] 4 (Educational). 3,750 (2003 SIL).

Bariai

[bch] 4 (Educational). 1,380 (1998 SIL).

Barok

[bjk] 4 (Educational). 2,120 (1985).

Bimin

[bhl] 4 (Educational). 2,250 (2003 SIL).

Bola

[bnp] 4 (Educational). 13,700 (2000 census). 2,250 Harua.

Bugawac

[buk] 4 (Educational). 12,000 (2011 W. Eckermann). 40% monolingual. Ethnic population: 12,500.

Dedua

[ded] 4 (Educational). 6,500 (2000 census), increasing. No monolinguals above age 20. Ethnic population: 5,110 rural, 3,800 urban. 2 villages in Dedua area use Kâte [kmg] as L1.

Fas

[fqs] 4 (Educational). 2,500 (2000 census).

Hanga Hundi

[wos] 4 (Educational). 7,200 (2000 census).

Kara

[leu] 4 (Educational). 5,000 (1998 SIL).

Kobon

[kpw] 4 (Educational). 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals.

Kol

[kol] 4 (Educational). 4,000 (1991 SIL). 1,300 Sui, Kol (1987).

Kovai

[kqb] 4 (Educational). 6,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,300.

Kuot

[kto] 4 (Educational). 2,400 (2002 SIL).

Kurti

[ktm] 4 (Educational). 3,000 (2002 SIL).

Lihir

[lih] 4 (Educational). 12,600 (2000 census), increasing.

Lote

[uvl] 4 (Educational). 5,500 (2004 SIL). 700 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000.

Madak

[mmx] 4 (Educational). 3,000 (1985 UBS).

Mandara

[tbf] 4 (Educational). 4,000 (2000 census).

Mangseng

[mbh] 4 (Educational). 2,500 (1998 SIL).

Mbula

[mna] 4 (Educational). 4,500 (2007 SIL), increasing. 10% monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,500.

Mende

[sim] 4 (Educational). 5,700 (2003 SIL).

Mengen

[mee] 4 (Educational). 8,400 (1982 SIL).

Mussau-Emira

[emi] 4 (Educational). 5,000 (2003 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 5,000, including 3,500 in the traditional area (2000 SIL).

Mutu

[tuc] 4 (Educational). 3,500 (2007 SIL), increasing. Only older adults are monolingual. Ethnic population: 3,500.

Nakanai

[nak] 4 (Educational). 13,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nalik

[nal] 4 (Educational). 5,140 (1990 census).

Nekgini

[nkg] 4 (Educational). 430 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Ngaing

[nnf] 4 (Educational). 2,020 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,060.

Nobonob

[gaw] 4 (Educational). 5,000 (2005 census), increasing.

Notsi

[ncf] 4 (Educational). 1,840 (2000 census).

Numanggang

[nop] 4 (Educational). 2,300 (2000 census). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,800 to 3,000.

Nyindrou

[lid] 4 (Educational). 4,200 (1998 SIL). Few monolinguals.

Patpatar

[gfk] 4 (Educational). 7,000 (1998 SIL).

Pele-Ata

[ata] 4 (Educational). 2,000 (2007 SIL).

Ramoaaina

[rai] 4 (Educational). 10,300 (2000 census), increasing.

Seimat

[ssg] 4 (Educational). 1,000 (1992 SIL).

Siar-Lak

[sjr] 4 (Educational). 2,080 (2000 census).

Solong

[aaw] 4 (Educational). 2,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Somba-Siawari

[bmu] 4 (Educational). 9,000 (2000 census). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,000.

Sos Kundi

[sdk] 4 (Educational). 2,850 (2000 census).

Sulka

[sua] 4 (Educational). 2,500 (1991 SIL).

Sursurunga

[sgz] 4 (Educational). 3,000 (1991 SIL).

Tobo

[tbv] 4 (Educational). 2,230 (1980 census).

Tungag

[lcm] 4 (Educational). 12,000 (1990 SIL).

Ura

[uro] 4 (Educational). 1,900 (1991 SIL).

Vitu

[wiv] 4 (Educational). 8,800 (1991 SIL).

Waris

[wrs] 4 (Educational). 2,500 in Papua New Guinea, increasing. Population total all countries: 4,000.

5 (Developing)

Abadi

[kbt] 5 (Developing). 4,300 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Abau

[aau] 5 (Developing). 7,270 (2000 census), increasing. No monolinguals.

Aeka

[aez] 5 (Developing). 3,400 (2007).

Aekyom

[awi] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1987 UBS).

Agarabi

[agd] 5 (Developing). 27,000 (2000 census).

Agob

[kit] 5 (Developing). 2,440 (2000 census). 1,440 Agob, 540 Ende, 460 Kawam.

Akoye

[miw] 5 (Developing). 800 (1998 SIL), decreasing.

Alamblak

[amp] 5 (Developing). 1,530 (2000 census).

Ama

[amm] 5 (Developing). 480 (1990 census).

Ambulas

[abt] 5 (Developing). 44,000 (1991 SIL). 27,000 in Wosera (1991 SIL), 9,000 in Maprik (1991 SIL), 8,000 in Wingei (1991 SIL).

Amele

[aey] 5 (Developing). 5,300 (1987 SIL).

Aneme Wake

[aby] 5 (Developing). 650 (1990 SIL).

Angaataha

[agm] 5 (Developing). 2,100 (2003 BTA).

Angal

[age] 5 (Developing). 18,600 (2000).

Angal Enen

[aoe] 5 (Developing). 22,000 (1995 UBS).

Angal Heneng

[akh] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (1994 V. Schlatter).

Angor

[agg] 5 (Developing). 1,270 (1990 census). 840 in Nai, 430 in Samanai.

Anjam

[boj] 5 (Developing). 2,020 (2003 SIL).

Ankave

[aak] 5 (Developing). 1,600 (1987 SIL).

Anuki

[aui] 5 (Developing). 890 (2001 SIL).

Ap Ma

[kbx] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2010 PBT).

Apali

[ena] 5 (Developing). 980 (2003 SIL).

Arammba

[stk] 5 (Developing). 970 (2003 SIL).

Are

[mwc] 5 (Developing). 1,230 (1973 SIL).

Arifama-Miniafia

[aai] 5 (Developing). 3,470 (2000).

Arop-Sissano

[aps] 5 (Developing). 1,150 (1998 SIL).

Aruamu

[msy] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1990 UBS).

Askopan

[eiv] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 1,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

[avt] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (2000 census). 20% monolingual.

’Auhelawa

[kud] 5 (Developing). 1,200 (1998 SIL). 30% monolingual.

Awa

[awb] 5 (Developing). 2,050 (2003 SIL).

Awiyaana

[auy] 5 (Developing). 11,100 (2000).

Bahinemo

[bjh] 5 (Developing). 550 (1998 NTM).

Bamu

[bcf] 5 (Developing). 6,310 (2000 census). 960 Gama.

Banaro

[byz] 5 (Developing). 2,480 (1991 SIL).

Bannoni

[bcm] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 1,000 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Barai

[bbb] 5 (Developing). 800 (2003 SIL).

Baruga

[bjz] 5 (Developing). 2,230 (2003 SIL), increasing. 200 monolinguals. 800 Tafota, 990 Bareji, 440 Mado.

Baruya

[byr] 5 (Developing). 6,600 (1990 census).

Beami

[beo] 5 (Developing). 4,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Benabena

[bef] 5 (Developing). 45,000 (1998 NTM).

Biangai

[big] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (1991 SIL). 50% monolingual.

Binandere

[bhg] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (2007 SIL).

Bine

[bon] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (1987 SIL).

Binumarien

[bjr] 5 (Developing). 360 (1990 census).

Bisorio

[bir] 5 (Developing). 260 (2003 SIL). 50 to 100 Pikaru.

Bo-Ung

[mux] 5 (Developing). 40,900 (2000 census).

Boikin

[bzf] 5 (Developing). 31,300 (2003 SIL). 30% monolingual.

Borong

[ksr] 5 (Developing). 2,200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,400.

Buang, Mangga

[mmo] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,000.

Buang, Mapos

[bzh] 5 (Developing). 10,500 (2000). 30% monolingual.

Buhutu

[bxh] 5 (Developing). 1,350 (2003 SIL), increasing. 20% monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,350.

Bunama

[bdd] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (1993 SIL).

Bwaidoka

[bwd] 5 (Developing). 6,500 (2000 SIL). 50% monolingual.

Bwanabwana

[tte] 5 (Developing). 2,400 (2007 SIL), increasing. 30% monolingual.

Chuave

[cjv] 5 (Developing). 23,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 4,290 Sua (1962 S. Wurm).

Dadibi

[mps] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1988 SIL). 10% monolingual.

Daga

[dgz] 5 (Developing). 9,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000.

Dano

[aso] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (1987 SIL).

Dawawa

[dww] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1994 SIL). 20% monolingual.

Dom

[doa] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (1994 NTM).

Doromu-Koki

[kqc] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500.

Duna

[duc] 5 (Developing). 11,000 (1991 SIL).

Edolo

[etr] 5 (Developing). 1,670 (2000 census). 60% monolingual.

Enga

[enq] 5 (Developing). 230,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Sau (1990 UBS).

Erave

[kjy] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2000 census).

Ese

[mcq] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2000 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals.

Ewage-Notu

[nou] 5 (Developing). 12,900 (1988 SIL).

Faiwol

[fai] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (1987 SIL).

Fasu

[faa] 5 (Developing). 1,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 750 Fasu, 300 Namuni, 150 Some.

Foi

[foi] 5 (Developing). 2,800 (1980 UBS).

Folopa

[ppo] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (1985 SIL).

Fore

[for] 5 (Developing). 17,000 (1991 SIL).

Fuyug

[fuy] 5 (Developing). 14,000 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000.

Gadsup

[gaj] 5 (Developing). 22,100 (2000 census).

Gaikundi

[gbf] 5 (Developing). 1,200 (2000).

Gapapaiwa

[pwg] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Gedaged

[gdd] 5 (Developing). 6,950 (2003 SIL).

Ghayavi

[bmk] 5 (Developing). 2,810 (2000 census).

Gimi

[gim] 5 (Developing). 22,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Gimi

[gip] 5 (Developing). 3,700 (1982 SIL).

Girawa

[bbr] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Gizrra

[tof] 5 (Developing). 1,050 (2002 SIL).

Gogodala

[ggw] 5 (Developing). 22,000 (2004 SIL).

Golin

[gvf] 5 (Developing). 51,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Guhu-Samane

[ghs] 5 (Developing). 13,000 (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 13,500.

Gumawana

[gvs] 5 (Developing). 470 (2000 census), increasing. 10% monolingual.

Gwahatike

[dah] 5 (Developing). 1,570 (2003 SIL).

Halia

[hla] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 20,000 (1994 SIL), increasing.

Hamtai

[hmt] 5 (Developing). 45,000 (1998 T. Palmer).

Haruai

[tmd] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2000 SIL). Many monolinguals.

Hote

[hot] 5 (Developing). 2,300 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,350.

Hula

[hul] 5 (Developing). 3,240 (2000 census).

Huli

[hui] 5 (Developing). 150,000 (2011 ECP), increasing.

Hunjara-Kaina Ke

[hkk] 5 (Developing). 8,770 (2000 census).

Iamalele

[yml] 5 (Developing). 2,800 (1987 SIL). 40% monolingual.

Iatmul

[ian] 5 (Developing). 8,440 (2003 SIL).

Iduna

[viv] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1984 SIL).

Imbongu

[imo] 5 (Developing). 42,500 (2000 census). 15% monolingual.

Inoke-Yate

[ino] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1993 SIL).

Ipili

[ipi] 5 (Developing). 26,000 (2002 SIL), increasing. 50% monolinguals.

Iwal

[kbm] 5 (Developing). 2,100 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,300.

Iwam

[iwm] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (1998 NTM).

Iwam, Sepik

[iws] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (2000 census).

Iyo

[nca] 5 (Developing). 6,900 (2003 SIL).

Kakabai

[kqf] 5 (Developing). 900 (2003 SIL). 15% monolingual.

Kalam

[kmh] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL).

Kaluli

[bco] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1994 SIL).

Kamano

[kbq] 5 (Developing). 63,200 (2000 census).

Kamasau

[kms] 5 (Developing). 960 (2003 SIL).

Kamula

[xla] 5 (Developing). 800 (1998 SIL).

Kanasi

[soq] 5 (Developing). 2,200 (1998 SIL).

Kandawo

[gam] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2003 SIL).

Kanite

[kmu] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1991 SIL).

Karkar-Yuri

[yuj] 5 (Developing). 1,140 (1994 SIL).

Kaulong

[pss] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2000 D. Tryon).

Keapara

[khz] 5 (Developing). 19,400 (2000 D. Tryon).

Kein

[bmh] 5 (Developing). 1,750 (2000 census).

Kenati

[gat] 5 (Developing). 950 (1990 census).

Kerewo

[kxz] 5 (Developing). 2,200 (Wurm 1975).

Kewa, East

[kjs] 5 (Developing). 45,000 (2000 census).

Kewa, West

[kew] 5 (Developing). 45,000 (2000 census).

Keyagana

[kyg] 5 (Developing). 12,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Khehek

[tlx] 5 (Developing). 1,600 (1991 SIL).

Kilivila

[kij] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2000 D. Tryon). 60% monolingual.

Kire

[geb] 5 (Developing). 2,420 (2003 SIL).

Kiwai, Northeast

[kiw] 5 (Developing). 6,041 (2011 W. Foley). 1,300 in Kope, 700 in Gibaio, 1,700 in Urama, 700 in Arigibi.

Kiwai, Southern

[kjd] 5 (Developing). 9,700 (Wurm 1975). 3,800 in Coast, 1,000 in Daru, 4,500 in Island Kiwai, 400 in Doumori.

Koiali, Mountain

[kpx] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2000 census). 50% monolingual.

Koitabu

[kqi] 5 (Developing). 2,700 (Wurm 2000).

Koluwawa

[klx] 5 (Developing). 900 (1998 SIL).

Komba

[kpf] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2000 SIL).

Konai

[kxw] 5 (Developing). 600 (1991 SIL).

Korafe-Yegha

[kpr] 5 (Developing). 3,630 (2003 SIL). A very few old women are monolingual. 2,760 Korafe and 850 Yegha live in the area.

Kosena

[kze] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (1987 SIL).

Kube

[kgf] 5 (Developing). 7,500 (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 8,000.

Kubo

[jko] 5 (Developing). 1,000.

Kuni

[kse] 5 (Developing). 2,400 (2000 census).

Kuni-Boazi

[kvg] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Kunimaipa

[kup] 5 (Developing). 8,200 (2000 census). 2,320 in Morobe Province (2000 census).

Kutong

[skm] 5 (Developing). 1,300 (2000 census). 15% monolingual.

Kwanga

[kwj] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2001 SIL).

Kwoma

[kmo] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (2003 SIL).

Kwomtari

[kwo] 5 (Developing). 600 (1998 SIL).

Kyaka

[kyc] 5 (Developing). 15,400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kyenele

[kql] 5 (Developing). 1,250 (2003 SIL).

Lala

[nrz] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (2007 SIL).

Lamogai

[lmg] 5 (Developing). 3,650 (Johnston 1980).

Lavatbura-Lamusong

[lbv] 5 (Developing). 1,310 (Beaumont 1972).

Lele

[lle] 5 (Developing). 1,300 (1982 SIL).

Lembena

[leq] 5 (Developing). 1,760 (2000 census), increasing. 750 monolinguals.

Maiadomu

[mzz] 5 (Developing). 900 (2000 SIL), increasing.

Maiani

[tnh] 5 (Developing). 3,040 (2003 SIL).

Mailu

[mgu] 5 (Developing). 8,500 (2000 census).

Maisin

[mbq] 5 (Developing). 2,610 (2000 census). 600 in Kosirava dialect.

Maiwa

[mti] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (1998 SIL), increasing.

Maiwala

[mum] 5 (Developing). 2,450 (2000 census).

Mala

[ped] 5 (Developing). 1,390 (2003 SIL).

Maleu-Kilenge

[mgl] 5 (Developing). 5,200 (1983 census). 1,560 Kilenge.

Manam

[mva] 5 (Developing). 7,950 (2003 SIL).

Manambu

[mle] 5 (Developing). 2,110 (2003 SIL).

Mape

[mlh] 5 (Developing). 1,700 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 7,000.

Marik

[dad] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (1998 SIL).

Maring

[mbw] 5 (Developing). 11,000 (1998 SIL).

Mato

[met] 5 (Developing). 580 (2002 SIL).

Mauwake

[mhl] 5 (Developing). 2,390 (2003 SIL).

Mbore

[gai] 5 (Developing). 2,090 (2003 SIL).

Mekeo

[mek] 5 (Developing). 19,000 (2003 SIL).

Melpa

[med] 5 (Developing). 130,000 (1991 SIL).

Menya

[mcr] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1998 SIL).

Mesem

[mci] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (1997 census).

Mian

[mpt] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (2000 census).

Miani

[pla] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Minaveha

[mvn] 5 (Developing). 2,300 (2007 SIL), increasing. 600 monolinguals.

Misima-Panaeati

[mpx] 5 (Developing). 18,000 (2002 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals.

Miu

[mpo] 5 (Developing). 395 (2000 D. Tryon). Ethnic population: 1,250.

Molima

[mox] 5 (Developing). 4,010 (2000 census), increasing.

Motu

[meu] 5 (Developing). 39,000 (2008 A. Taylor).

Mouk-Aria

[mwh] 5 (Developing). 630 (1982 SIL).

Mufian

[aoj] 5 (Developing). 11,000 (1998 SIL). 6,000 Filifita (1999 SIL).

Mum

[kqa] 5 (Developing). 3,290 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Muyuw

[myw] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1998). 3,000 monolinguals. 1,000 to 1,200 Iwa.

Naasioi

[nas] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 20,000 (2007 SIL).

Nabak

[naf] 5 (Developing). 16,000 (1994 SIL).

Nai

[bio] 5 (Developing). 750 (2010 SIL).

Nali

[nss] 5 (Developing). 1,800 (1982 SIL). 200 Okro (2000 D. Tryon). Ethnic population: 4,500 in Okro.

Namiae

[nvm] 5 (Developing). 1,200 (2003 SIL).

Nankina

[nnk] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1991 SIL).

Narak

[nac] 5 (Developing). 6,220 (2000 census). 70% monolingual.

Nehan

[nsn] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 6,500 (2003 SIL), increasing.

Nek

[nif] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2011 SIL), increasing.

Ngalum

[szb] 5 (Developing). 8,000 in Papua New Guinea (1981).

Nii

[nii] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (1991 SIL).

Nimo

[niw] 5 (Developing). 350 (1998 NTM).

Ninggerum

[nxr] 5 (Developing). 5,150 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census). 40% are monolingual. Population total all countries: 6,150.

Odoodee

[kkc] 5 (Developing). 490 (2002 SIL).

Ogea

[eri] 5 (Developing). 2,210 (2003 SIL).

Oksapmin

[opm] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (1991 SIL).

Olo

[ong] 5 (Developing). 13,700 (2003 SIL).

Ömie

[aom] 5 (Developing). 800 (1993 SIL). 400 monolinguals.

Ono

[ons] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. Population increase due to Bakesu Revival Church activity.

Onobasulu

[onn] 5 (Developing). 1000 (2010 SIL). 50% are monolingual.

Orokaiva

[okv] 5 (Developing). 35,000 (2000 census).

Orokolo

[oro] 5 (Developing). 13,000 (1977 SIL).

Owiniga

[owi] 5 (Developing). 330 (1998 NTM).

Pak-Tong

[pkg] 5 (Developing). 970 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Pawaia

[pwa] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (1991 SIL).

Pinai-Hagahai

[pnn] 5 (Developing). 600 (1997 SIL).

Pouye

[bye] 5 (Developing). 960 (2003 SIL), increasing.

Purari

[iar] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (2011 SIL).

Qaqet

[byx] 5 (Developing). 6,350 (1988 SIL).

Rao

[rao] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1992 UBS).

Rawa

[rwo] 5 (Developing). 11,500 (1998 SIL), increasing. 7,000 Rawa and 4,500 Karo.

Rotokas

[roo] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 4,320 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rumu

[klq] 5 (Developing). 1,000 (1985 UBS).

Safeyoka

[apz] 5 (Developing). 2,390 (1980 census).

Saliba

[sbe] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (2007 SIL), increasing. About 1,000 monolinguals (young children, elderly).

Salt-Yui

[sll] 5 (Developing). 6,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Samberigi

[ssx] 5 (Developing). 3,130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Samo

[smq] 5 (Developing). 900 (2001 SIL).

Saniyo-Hiyewe

[sny] 5 (Developing). 1,300 (2000 census).

Saposa

[sps] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (1998 SIL).

Selepet

[spl] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (1988 SIL). Ethnic population: 7,500.

Siane

[snp] 5 (Developing). 29,000 (2000 census).

Sibe

[nco] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 6,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000.

Simbari

[smb] 5 (Developing). 3,040 (1990 census).

Sinasina

[sst] 5 (Developing). 50,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sinaugoro

[snc] 5 (Developing). 18,000 (2000 census).

Sio

[xsi] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (1987 SIL).

Siroi

[ssd] 5 (Developing). 1,310 (2003 SIL).

Sissano

[sso] 5 (Developing). 300 (Wurm 2000). In 1990, 4,780 speakers were reported and language use was vigorous. The 1998 tsunami almost completely annihilated the population. Number of surviving speakers unlikely to exceed a few hundred (Wurm 2007).

Siwai

[siw] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 6,600. 600 in Baitsi.

Solos

[sol] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 3,200 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Sop

[urw] 5 (Developing). 2,250 (2003 SIL).

Suau

[swp] 5 (Developing). 6,800 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 10% monolingual.

Sudest

[tgo] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (1987 SIL), increasing. Under 20% monolingual.

Suena

[sue] 5 (Developing). 3,600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,700.

Suki

[sui] 5 (Developing). 3,510 (2003 SIL).

Tabo

[knv] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (2002 SIL). 2010: in Fly River area many deaths from cholera.

Tai

[taw] 5 (Developing). 900 (1990 UBS).

Tairora, North

[tbg] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (2003 SIL).

Tairora, South

[omw] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (2003 SIL).

Tairuma

[uar] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (2004 SIL), increasing.

Takia

[tbc] 5 (Developing). 40,000.

Takuu

[nho] 5 (Developing). 1,750 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Under 20% monolingual.

Tami

[tmy] 5 (Developing). 2,100 (2010 SIL), increasing. 1,000 in each dialect.

Tanggu

[tgu] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (1991 SIL).

Tauade

[ttd] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (2000 census).

Taupota

[tpa] 5 (Developing). 1,280 (2001 SIL).

Tawala

[tbo] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2000 census).

Telefol

[tlf] 5 (Developing). 5,400 (1994 SIL).

Teop

[tio] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 5,000 (1991 SIL).

Terei

[buo] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bougainville Autonomous Region (2007, Education Plan, Section 1.1.3), not yet implemented (2012). 26,500 (2003 SIL).

Tifal

[tif] 5 (Developing). 3,600 (2003 SIL).

Tigak

[tgc] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1991 SIL).

Timbe

[tim] 5 (Developing). 11,000 (1991 SIL). 60% monolingual (women and older men).

Tinputz

[tpz] 5 (Developing). 3,900 (1991 SIL).

Toaripi

[tqo] 5 (Developing). 23,000 (1977 SIL).

Tokano

[zuh] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1982 SIL).

Toura

[don] 5 (Developing). 1,800 (2007 SIL).

Tuma-Irumu

[iou] 5 (Developing). 1,100 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200.

Uare

[ksj] 5 (Developing). 1,300 (2004 SIL).

Ubir

[ubr] 5 (Developing). 2,560 (2000 census).

Uisai

[uis] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1991 SIL).

Umanakaina

[gdn] 5 (Developing). 2,400 (1987 SIL).

Umbu-Ungu

[ubu] 5 (Developing). 34,200 (2000 census).

Uri

[uvh] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (1991 SIL).

Urim

[uri] 5 (Developing). 3,740 (2003 SIL). less than 1% monolingual.

Usan

[wnu] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (1991 SIL).

Waboda

[kmx] 5 (Developing). 2,750 (2003 SIL).

Waffa

[waj] 5 (Developing). 1,300 (1988 SIL).

Wahgi

[wgi] 5 (Developing). 39,000 (1999 SIL).

Waima

[rro] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2000 census).

Wampar

[lbq] 5 (Developing). 5,150 (1990).

Warwar Feni

[hrw] 5 (Developing). 2,100 (2000 census).

Waskia

[wsk] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2007 SIL).

Watakataui

[wtk] 5 (Developing). 350 (1998).

Wedau

[wed] 5 (Developing). 2,200 (2000 D. Tryon). 900 monolinguals.

Weri

[wer] 5 (Developing). 4,160 (McElhanon 1978).

Wipi

[gdr] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (1999 Shim).

Wiru

[wiu] 5 (Developing). 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wuvulu-Aua

[wuv] 5 (Developing). 1,000 (1982 SIL).

Yabem

[jae] 5 (Developing). 2,080 (McElhanon 1978).

Yagaria

[ygr] 5 (Developing). 21,100 (1982 SIL).

Yagwoia

[ygw] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2005 R. Westerveld). 1,500 Iwalaqamalje, 1,500 Gwase, 7,000 Hiqwaye, Hiqwase, Yeqwangilje.

Yale

[nce] 5 (Developing). 600 (1991 SIL). 5% monolingual.

Yareba

[yrb] 5 (Developing). 750 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Yau

[yuw] 5 (Developing). 1,700 (1991 SIL).

Yaweyuha

[yby] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (1991 SIL).

Yele

[yle] 5 (Developing). 3,750 (1998 Rossel Health Centres). 400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,750 (1998).

Yessan-Mayo

[yss] 5 (Developing). 1,990 (2000 census).

Yongkom

[yon] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1999 SIL).

Yopno

[yut] 5 (Developing). 9,000 (2010 SIL), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 9,000.

Zia

[zia] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Zia (1991 SIL), 940 Mawae dialect. Ethnic population: 4,550.

Zimakani

[zik] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (1990 UBS).

6a (Vigorous)

Abu

[ado] 6a (Vigorous). 4,200 (2000 census). 820 Sabu, 3,380 Abu.

Agi

[aif] 6a (Vigorous). 960 (2003 SIL).

Aighon

[aix] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2003 SIL), increasing. Less than 5% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,500.

Aiklep

[mwg] 6a (Vigorous). 3,700 (1991 SIL).

Aiome

[aki] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Akolet

[akt] 6a (Vigorous). 950 (1982 SIL).

Akrukay

[afi] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2003 SIL).

Akukem

[spm] 6a (Vigorous). 650 (2003 SIL).

Amaimon

[ali] 6a (Vigorous). 1,780 (2003 SIL).

Amal

[aad] 6a (Vigorous). 830 (2003 SIL).

Ambrak

[aag] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2000 census).

Ambul

[apo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (2000 census).

Amio-Gelimi

[let] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2000 census).

Amol

[alx] 6a (Vigorous). 270 (2000 census).

Anam

[pda] 6a (Vigorous). 1,070 (2003 SIL).

Anamgura

[imi] 6a (Vigorous). 1,250 (1990 census).

Andai

[afd] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2005).

Andarum

[aod] 6a (Vigorous). 1,080 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Andra-Hus

[anx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,310 (2000).

Angoram

[aog] 6a (Vigorous). 8,220 (2003 SIL).

Anor

[anj] 6a (Vigorous). 980 (2000).

Aribwaung

[ylu] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2008 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200.

Aruek

[aur] 6a (Vigorous). 740 (2003 SIL).

Aruop

[lsr] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1991 SIL).

Asaro’o

[mtv] 6a (Vigorous). 1,250 (2003 SIL).

Asas

[asd] 6a (Vigorous). 330 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Auwe

[smf] 6a (Vigorous). 410 (2003 SIL).

Avau

[avb] 6a (Vigorous). 620 (2002 SIL).

Awar

[aya] 6a (Vigorous). 1,090 (2003 SIL).

Awara

[awx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,900 (2011 SIL), increasing. 35% monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,950.

Awtuw

[kmn] 6a (Vigorous). 510 (2003 SIL).

Awun

[aww] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2003 SIL).

Ayi

[ayq] 6a (Vigorous). 430 (2000 census).

Baibai

[bbf] 6a (Vigorous). 340 (2000 census).

Baimak

[bmx] 6a (Vigorous). 650 (2003 SIL).

Baluan-Pam

[blq] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1982 SIL).

Baramu

[bmz] 6a (Vigorous). 850 (2000 census).

Bariji

[bjc] 6a (Vigorous). 460 (2000).

Barikewa

[jbk] 6a (Vigorous). 320 (2011 SIL).

Bau

[bbd] 6a (Vigorous). 3,150 (2000 SIL).

Bauwaki

[bwk] 6a (Vigorous). 520 (2000 census).

Bebeli

[bek] 6a (Vigorous). 1,050 (1982 SIL).

Beli

[bey] 6a (Vigorous). 2,200 (2000). 1,400 in area and 53 outside.

Berinomo

[bit] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (2000 census).

Biage

[bdf] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (2009 S. Cott).

Biem

[bmc] 6a (Vigorous). 2,200 (2000 census).

Bilbil

[brz] 6a (Vigorous). 1,250 (2003 SIL).

Binahari

[bxz] 6a (Vigorous). 630 (2000 census).

Bipi

[biq] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (1990 SIL).

Bisis

[bnw] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2000 census).

Bitur

[mcc] 6a (Vigorous). 860 (2000 census).

Biwat

[bwm] 6a (Vigorous). 3,040 (2003 SIL).

Biyom

[bpm] 6a (Vigorous). 380 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Blafe

[bfh] 6a (Vigorous). 670 (2003 SIL).

[bpw] 6a (Vigorous). 85 (1998 NTM).

Bogaya

[boq] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Bongu

[bpu] 6a (Vigorous). 850 (2000 census).

Bosmun

[bqs] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (2004 PBT). 20% monolingual.

Bragat

[aof] 6a (Vigorous). 460 (2003 SIL).

Brem

[buq] 6a (Vigorous). 1,190 (2003 SIL).

Breri

[brq] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (1986 PBT).

Bulu

[bjl] 6a (Vigorous). 910 (2000 census).

Bun

[buv] 6a (Vigorous). 480 (2003 SIL).

Buna

[bvn] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2003 SIL).

Bungain

[but] 6a (Vigorous). 3,600 (2003 SIL).

Burui

[bry] 6a (Vigorous). 260 (2000).

Chambri

[can] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700 (1991).

Changriwa

[cga] 6a (Vigorous). 690 (2003 SIL).

Daantanai’

[lni] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2007 SIL).

Dambi

[dac] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 400.

Danaru

[dnr] 6a (Vigorous). 260 (2003 SIL).

Degenan

[dge] 6a (Vigorous). 790 (2003 SIL).

Dera

[kbv] 6a (Vigorous). 690 in Papua New Guinea.

Dia

[dia] 6a (Vigorous). 1,840 (2003 SIL).

Dibiyaso

[dby] 6a (Vigorous). 1,950 (2000 census).

Dima

[jma] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2001 SIL). 15% monolinguals.

Doghoro

[dgx] 6a (Vigorous). 270 (2000 census).

Domu

[dof] 6a (Vigorous). 950 (2000).

Domung

[dev] 6a (Vigorous). 2,330 (1991 SIL).

Duau

[dva] 6a (Vigorous). 3,550 (1991 SIL). 20% monolingual.

Elepi

[ele] 6a (Vigorous). 330 (2003 SIL).

Elkei

[elk] 6a (Vigorous). 1,640 (2000 census).

Elu

[elu] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (1983 SIL).

Ere

[twp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,030 (1980 census).

Fanamaket

[bjp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,080 (2000 census).

Fembe

[agl] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (1986 SIL).

Finongan

[fag] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (2002 SIL). 3% monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,350.

Fiwaga

[fiw] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Forak

[frq] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2003 SIL).

Gaina

[gcn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,410 (Dutton 1971). 1,000 in Bareji, 130 in Gaina.

Gal

[gap] 6a (Vigorous). 340 (2003 SIL).

Galeya

[gar] 6a (Vigorous). 2,620 (2000 census). 30% monolingual.

Ganglau

[ggl] 6a (Vigorous). 470 (2003 SIL).

Gants

[gao] 6a (Vigorous). 1,880 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Garus

[gyb] 6a (Vigorous). 2,650 (2003 SIL).

Gende

[gaf] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (1987 SIL).

Ginuman

[gnm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,440 (2000 census).

Gitua

[ggt] 6a (Vigorous). 760 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,090.

Gnau

[gnu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,330 (2000 census).

Gobasi

[goi] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (1993 ECP).

Goodenough, West

[ddi] 6a (Vigorous). 2,180 (2000). 20% monolingual.

Gorakor

[goc] 6a (Vigorous). 2,740 (1979 census).

Gumalu

[gmu] 6a (Vigorous). 580 (2003 SIL).

Guntai

[gnt] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (2003 SIL).

Gusan

[gsn] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 850.

Hahon

[hah] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Haigwai

[hgw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,060 (2000 census). 15% monolingual.

Hakö

[hao] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (1982 SIL), increasing.

Hewa

[ham] 6a (Vigorous). 2,150 (1986 SIL). 1,600 monolinguals. 290 in Yoliapi (1982 SIL).

Heyo

[auk] 6a (Vigorous). 2,710 (2000 census). 10% monolinguals.

Humene

[huf] 6a (Vigorous). 940 (2000 census).

Idi

[idi] 6a (Vigorous). 1,610 (2000 census). 780 Idi, 800 Tame.

Ikobi

[meb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,572 (2009 SIL). 350 Ikobi, 300 Mena (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Imonda

[imn] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1994 SIL).

Inapang

[mzu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,830 (2007).

Ipiko

[ipo] 6a (Vigorous). 345 (2003 SIL).

Isabi

[isa] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Isaka

[ksi] 6a (Vigorous). 420 (2003 SIL).

Isebe

[igo] 6a (Vigorous). 910 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Jilim

[jil] 6a (Vigorous). 650 (2000 census).

Juwal

[mwb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,440 (2000 census).

Kairak

[ckr] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2012 SIL).

Kairiru

[kxa] 6a (Vigorous). 3,200 (2000 census).

Kaki Ae

[tbd] 6a (Vigorous). 630 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,280.

Kala

[kcl] 6a (Vigorous). 2,200 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,000.

Kalou

[ywa] 6a (Vigorous). 1,370 (2003 SIL).

Kandas

[kqw] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 690.

Kanggape

[igm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,080 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kaninuwa

[wat] 6a (Vigorous). 360 (2001). 10% monolingual. Ethnic population: 510.

Kap

[ykm] 6a (Vigorous). 3,460 (2003 SIL), decreasing.

Kapin

[tbx] 6a (Vigorous). 2,350 (1979 census).

Kapriman

[dju] 6a (Vigorous). 1,640 (2003 SIL).

Kare

[kmf] 6a (Vigorous). 380 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Karnai

[bbv] 6a (Vigorous). 920 (2000 D. Tryon).

Kasua

[khs] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (1990 SIL).

Kayan

[kct] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2004 PBT).

Keak

[keh] 6a (Vigorous).

Kele

[sbc] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (1982 SIL).

Keoru-Ahia

[xeu] 6a (Vigorous). 5,970 (2000 census). Keoru: 5070, Ahia: 710, Pairi: 190.

Kesawai

[xes] 6a (Vigorous). 770 (2003 SIL).

Kibiri

[prm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,180 (2011 SIL). 900 Porome, 280 Kibiri.

Kinalakna

[kco] 6a (Vigorous). 305 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 330.

Kis

[kis] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (2000 D. Tryon).

Kiunum

[wei] 6a (Vigorous). 490 (2000 census).

Kobol

[kgu] 6a (Vigorous). 720 (2000 census).

Koiari, Grass

[kbk] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700 (Wurm 2000). 10% monolingual.

Koiwat

[kxt] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (2000 census).

Kominimung

[xoi] 6a (Vigorous). 320 (2003 SIL).

Kopar

[xop] 6a (Vigorous). 540 (2000 census).

Korak

[koz] 6a (Vigorous). 510 (2003 SIL).

Koro

[kxr] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (1983 SIL).

Koromira

[kqj] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (2007 SIL). 2,300 Koromira and 200 Koianu.

Kove

[kvc] 6a (Vigorous). 6,750 (1994 SIL).

Kumalu

[ksl] 6a (Vigorous). 2,580 (1979 census).

Kumukio

[kuo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,050 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,100.

Kunja

[pep] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2003 SIL).

Laeko-Libuat

[lkl] 6a (Vigorous). 720 (2003 SIL). 520 in area; 200 outside.

Langam

[lnm] 6a (Vigorous). 420 (2003 SIL).

Lawunuia

[tgi] 6a (Vigorous). 550 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Leipon

[lek] 6a (Vigorous). 650 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Lemio

[lei] 6a (Vigorous). 270 (2003 SIL).

Lenkau

[ler] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1982 SIL). Ethnic population: 250 (2000 D. Tryon).

Lilau

[lll] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Loniu

[los] 6a (Vigorous). 460 (1977 P. Lincoln). Ethnic population: 660.

Lou

[loj] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1994 SIL).

Lungalunga

[vmg] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,500.

Lusi

[khl] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1994 SIL).

[mjn] 6a (Vigorous). 570 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 570.

Ma Manda

[skc] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500.

Makayam

[aup] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (2003 SIL).

Malas

[mkr] 6a (Vigorous). 650 (2003 SIL).

Male

[mdc] 6a (Vigorous). 970 (2000 census).

Mali

[gcc] 6a (Vigorous). 2,200 (1988 SIL).

Malol

[mbk] 6a (Vigorous). 3,330.

Mamusi

[kdf] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (1985 SIL).

Manem

[jet] 6a (Vigorous). 500 in Papua New Guinea (1993 SIL). Population total all countries: 900.

Mapena

[mnm] 6a (Vigorous). 270 (1973 SIL).

Maramba

[myd] 6a (Vigorous). 840 (2000 census).

Marangis

[wax] 6a (Vigorous). 590 (2003 SIL).

Mari

[hob] 6a (Vigorous). 810 (2000 D. Tryon).

Maria

[mds] 6a (Vigorous). 1,350 (2000 census).

Matepi

[mqe] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2003 SIL).

Matukar

[mjk] 6a (Vigorous). 430 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 430.

Medebur

[mjm] 6a (Vigorous). 510 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 510.

Mehek

[nux] 6a (Vigorous). 6,300 (1994 SIL).

Mekmek

[mvk] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (2000 census).

Meramera

[mxm] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1995 SIL). 5% monolingual.

Migabac

[mpp] 6a (Vigorous). 2,600 (2010 SIL).

Migum

[klm] 6a (Vigorous). 470 (2003 SIL).

Minigir

[bxf] 6a (Vigorous). 4,180 (2012 SIL).

Moikodi

[mkp] 6a (Vigorous). 570 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 50% are monolingual.

Mokerang

[mft] 6a (Vigorous). 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Mondropolon

[npn] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Mongol

[mgt] 6a (Vigorous). 340 (2003 SIL).

Monumbo

[mxk] 6a (Vigorous). 410 (2003 SIL).

Morawa

[mze] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (2000 census).

Morigi

[mdb] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (Wurm 1975).

Mouwase

[jmw] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2011 SIL). Widely scattered in bush villages, hamlets and squatter settlements.

Mubami

[tsx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,730 (2002 SIL).

Munit

[mtc] 6a (Vigorous). 910 (2003 SIL).

Muratayak

[asx] 6a (Vigorous). 810 (2003 SIL).

Murupi

[mqw] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Musak

[mmq] 6a (Vigorous). 360 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Musar

[mmi] 6a (Vigorous). 680 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nabi

[mty] 6a (Vigorous). 620 (2003 SIL).

Nakame

[nib] 6a (Vigorous). 980 (1980 census). Ethnic population: 1,600.

Nakwi

[nax] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2003 SIL).

Nama

[nmx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (2003 SIL).

Nambo

[ncm] 6a (Vigorous). 710 (2003 SIL).

Namo

[mxw] 6a (Vigorous). 380 (2003 SIL).

Nanubae

[afk] 6a (Vigorous). 1,270 (2005 SIL).

Neko

[nej] 6a (Vigorous). 640 (2000 census).

Neme

[nex] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (2002 SIL).

Nen

[nqn] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2002 SIL).

Nend

[anh] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1991 UBS).

Nete

[net] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2000 census).

Ngala

[nud] 6a (Vigorous). 180 (2003 SIL).

Niksek

[gbe] 6a (Vigorous). 930 (2003 SIL).

Nimi

[nis] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,800.

Nimoa

[nmw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (2000 census). 40% monolingual.

Ningil

[niz] 6a (Vigorous). 950 (2000 census).

Niwer Mil

[hrc] 6a (Vigorous). 6,300 (2000 census).

Nomane

[nof] 6a (Vigorous). 6,700 (2000 census).

Nomu

[noh] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,200.

Nuk

[noc] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,650.

Nukna

[klt] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,010.

Nukumanu

[nuq] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (2003 SIL).

Nukuria

[nur] 6a (Vigorous). 550 (2003 SIL). 170 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 700.

Odiai

[bhf] 6a (Vigorous). 240 (2000 census).

One, Inebu

[oin] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 1,300.

One, Kabore

[onk] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 300.

One, Molmo

[aun] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 500 (2000).

One, Northern

[onr] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 2,000.

Ontenu

[ont] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (1996 SIL).

Opao

[opo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,120 (Brown 1973).

Oune

[oue] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2007 SIL).

Owenia

[wsr] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Oya’oya

[oyy] 6a (Vigorous). 370 (1990 census).

Pagi

[pgi] 6a (Vigorous). 2,140 (2003 SIL).

Pahi

[lgt] 6a (Vigorous). 840 (2000 census).

Pal

[abw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,160 (2000 census).

Panim

[pnr] 6a (Vigorous). 420 (2003 SIL).

Pano

[mqz] 6a (Vigorous). 1,180 (2000 census).

Papitalai

[pat] 6a (Vigorous). 520 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Parawen

[prw] 6a (Vigorous). 430 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Pare

[ppt] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (1990 UBS).

Pasi

[psq] 6a (Vigorous). 360 (2000 census).

Penchal

[pek] 6a (Vigorous). 550 (1982 SIL).

Ponam

[ncc] 6a (Vigorous). 420 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Ramopa

[kjx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rapoisi

[kyx] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (1998 SIL).

Rapting

[rpt] 6a (Vigorous). 330 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rawo

[rwa] 6a (Vigorous). 640 (2003 SIL).

Rempi

[rmp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,590 (2003 SIL).

Rerau

[rea] 6a (Vigorous). 590 (2000 census).

Romkun

[rmk] 6a (Vigorous). 630 (2003 SIL).

Ronji

[roe] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2003 SIL).

Saep

[spd] 6a (Vigorous). 550 (2003 SIL).

Sam

[snx] 6a (Vigorous). 780 (2000 census).

Sarasira

[zsa] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 600.

Sengo

[spk] 6a (Vigorous). 520 (2003 SIL).

Setaman

[stm] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2000 census).

Sewa Bay

[sew] 6a (Vigorous). 1,520 (1972 census). 20% monolingual.

Sialum

[slw] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000.

Sihan

[snr] 6a (Vigorous). 570 (2003 SIL).

Sileibi

[sbq] 6a (Vigorous). 260 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Siliput

[mkc] 6a (Vigorous). 520 (2003 SIL). 240 in Makru-Klaplei plus 21 elsewhere.

Simbali

[smg] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2012 SIL).

Simeku

[smz] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2007 SIL). 2,000 Koopei and 1,000 Mainoki.

Sinagen

[siu] 6a (Vigorous). 330 (2003 SIL).

Sinsauru

[snz] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2003 SIL).

Sori-Harengan

[sbh] 6a (Vigorous). 570 (1977 P. Lincoln).

Sowanda

[sow] 6a (Vigorous). 970 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census). Population total all countries: 1,180.

Suganga

[sug] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (2000 census).

Sukurum

[zsu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,160 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,160.

Sumau

[six] 6a (Vigorous). 2,580 (2003 SIL).

Tabriak

[tzx] 6a (Vigorous). 2,080 (2003 SIL).

Tainae

[ago] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Tanguat

[tbs] 6a (Vigorous). 740 (2003 SIL).

Tapei

[afp] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2005 SIL).

Tauya

[tya] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Tiang

[tbj] 6a (Vigorous). 790 (Beaumont 1972).

Titan

[ttv] 6a (Vigorous). 3,850 (1992 SIL).

Tomoip

[tqp] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1982 SIL).

Torau

[ttu] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (1963 SIL).

Torricelli

[tei] 6a (Vigorous). 520 (2003 SIL).

Tulu-Bohuai

[rak] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (1982 SIL).

Tumleo

[tmq] 6a (Vigorous). 790 (2003 SIL).

Tuwari

[tww] 6a (Vigorous). 360 (2000 census).

Ufim

[ufi] 6a (Vigorous). 550 (McElhanon 1978).

Ulau-Suain

[svb] 6a (Vigorous). 2,800 (2003 SIL), decreasing.

Umeda

[upi] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2003 SIL).

Uneapa

[bbn] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (1998 SIL).

Urapmin

[urm] 6a (Vigorous). 370 (2003 SIL).

Urigina

[urg] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Urimo

[urx] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (2003 SIL).

Utarmbung

[omo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,170 (2003 SIL).

Utu

[utu] 6a (Vigorous). 580 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Uyajitaya

[duk] 6a (Vigorous). 470 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Valman

[van] 6a (Vigorous). 1,740 (2003 SIL).

Vanimo

[vam] 6a (Vigorous). 2,670 (2000 census).

Wadaginam

[wdg] 6a (Vigorous). 950 (2003 SIL).

Wa’ema

[wag] 6a (Vigorous). 1,020 (2000 census).

Wagawaga

[wgb] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2000 census). 10% monolingual.

Wagi

[fad] 6a (Vigorous). 3,380 (2003 SIL).

Wahgi, North

[whg] 6a (Vigorous). 47,000 (1999 SIL).

Walio

[wla] 6a (Vigorous). 230 (2003 SIL).

Wamas

[wmc] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (2000).

Wampur

[waz] 6a (Vigorous). 530 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 550.

Wanambre

[wnb] 6a (Vigorous). 590 (2003 SIL).

Wanap

[wnp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,070 (2003 SIL).

Wára

[tci] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (2002 SIL).

Waruna

[wrv] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (1991 SIL).

Wasembo

[gsp] 6a (Vigorous). 590 (1980 census).

Watiwa

[wtf] 6a (Vigorous). 510 (2003 SIL).

Watut, Middle

[mpl] 6a (Vigorous). 1,350 (1990 SIL).

Watut, North

[una] 6a (Vigorous). 460 (Holzknecht 1988). Ethnic population: 660.

Watut, South

[mcy] 6a (Vigorous). 890 (Holzknecht 1988).

Waube

[kop] 6a (Vigorous). 780 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wogamusin

[wog] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1998 SIL).

Wogeo

[woc] 6a (Vigorous). 1,620 (2003 SIL).

Wom

[wmo] 6a (Vigorous). 4,260 (2003 SIL).

Womo

[wmx] 6a (Vigorous).

Wutung

[wut] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2003 SIL).

Yaben

[ybm] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Yabong

[ybo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (2000 census).

Yagomi

[ygm] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2003 SIL).

Yahang

[rhp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,430 (2003 SIL). 1,120 in area, 66 outside.

Yaleba

[ylb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,330 (2005 SIL). Only 25 Sileba dialect speakers.

Yamap

[ymp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,580 (2000 census).

Yangulam

[ynl] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (2000 census).

Yangum Mon

[ymo] 6a (Vigorous). 730 (2000 census).

Yaul

[yla] 6a (Vigorous). 1,210 (2003 SIL).

Yekora

[ykr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,050 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,100.

Yerakai

[yra] 6a (Vigorous). 380 (2000 census).

Yil

[yll] 6a (Vigorous). 2,470 (2000 census).

Yis

[yis] 6a (Vigorous). 320 (2003 SIL).

Yoidik

[ydk] 6a (Vigorous). 770 (2003 SIL).

Yout Wam

[ytw] 6a (Vigorous). 270 (2006 SIL).

Zenag

[zeg] 6a (Vigorous). 1,820 (1979 census).

6b (Threatened)

Amto

[amt] 6b (Threatened). 300 (2006 NTM).

Arapesh, Abu’

[aah] 6b (Threatened). 2,560 (2000 SIL).

Arawum

[awm] 6b (Threatened). 60 (Wurm 2000).

Ari

[aac] 6b (Threatened). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Bepour

[bie] 6b (Threatened). 50 (Wurm 2000). 40% of the ethnic group speaks Bepour (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 130.

Bonkiman

[bop] 6b (Threatened). 180 (1991 SIL). 40% monolingual.

Boselewa

[bwf] 6b (Threatened). 610 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,530.

Budibud

[btp] 6b (Threatened). 310 (2000). 15% monolingual.

Bukiyip

[ape] 6b (Threatened). 16,200 (2003 SIL).

Bulgebi

[bmp] 6b (Threatened). 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130.

Chenapian

[cjn] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2003 SIL).

Daonda

[dnd] 6b (Threatened). 170 (2003 SIL).

Doga

[dgg] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 330.

Doso

[dol] 6b (Threatened). 700 (Shaw 1973).

Duwet

[gve] 6b (Threatened). 400 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 450.

Eitiep

[eit] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals.

Foia Foia

[ffi] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2000 census).

Gavak

[dmc] 6b (Threatened). 3,820 (2003 SIL).

Guriaso

[grx] 6b (Threatened). 160 (2003 SIL).

Guya

[gka] 6b (Threatened). 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Hoia Hoia

[hhi] 6b (Threatened). 80 (2000 census).

Hoyahoya

[hhy] 6b (Threatened). 95 (2000 census), decreasing.

Igana

[igg] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2003 SIL).

Kaiep

[kbw] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 430.

Kambaira

[kyy] 6b (Threatened). 140 (Wurm 1971).

Kaningra

[knr] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm 2000).

Karore

[xkx] 6b (Threatened). 550 (2003 SIL).

Kilmeri

[kih] 6b (Threatened). 1,970 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,800 (2004 SIL).

Konomala

[koa] 6b (Threatened). 800 (1985 SIL).

Label

[lbb] 6b (Threatened). 140 (1979 census).

Labu

[lbu] 6b (Threatened). Ethnic population: 1,600.

Likum

[lib] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000).

Maia

[sks] 6b (Threatened). 4,350 (2000 census). 3,720 in main dialect, 630 in southern.

Mari

[mbx] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000).

Minanibai

[mcv] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing.

Moresada

[msx] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Murik

[mtf] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Wurm 2000).

Mwatebu

[mwa] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000). 10% monolingual.

Nafi

[srf] 6b (Threatened). 160 (Holzknecht 1988). Ethnic population: 250.

Nake

[nbk] 6b (Threatened). 170 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Namat

[nkm] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2000 census).

Namia

[nnm] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,200.

Nauna

[ncn] 6b (Threatened). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Nawaru

[nwr] 6b (Threatened). 190 (1990 SIL).

Ningera

[nby] 6b (Threatened). 150 (2003 SIL).

Numbami

[sij] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 250.

One, Kwamtim

[okk] 6b (Threatened). 150 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 150.

One, Southern

[osu] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 200.

Pamosu

[hih] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2000 SIL).

Papapana

[ppn] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000).

Paynamar

[pmr] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Z’Graggen 1975).

Pei

[ppq] 6b (Threatened). 50 (2000 census).

Pulabu

[pup] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Saruga

[sra] 6b (Threatened). 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sausi

[ssj] 6b (Threatened). 93 (Wurm 2007).

Sengseng

[ssz] 6b (Threatened). 1,750 (2003 SIL).

Sepa

[spe] 6b (Threatened). 700 (2003 SIL).

Seta

[stf] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2000 census).

Seti

[sbi] 6b (Threatened). 160 (2003 SIL).

Siawi

[mmp] 6b (Threatened). 220 (2007 NTM), increasing.

Silopi

[xsp] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2003 SIL).

Taulil

[tuh] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2012 SIL).

Terebu

[trb] 6b (Threatened). 130 (1990 SIL).

Ukuriguma

[ukg] 6b (Threatened). 170 (2003 SIL).

Urat

[urt] 6b (Threatened). 6,280 (2003 SIL), decreasing. 2,480 in Wasep Ngau, 2,060 in Wusyep Yihre, 1,210 in Wasep Yam, and 550 in Wusyep Tep.

Usarufa

[usa] 6b (Threatened). 1,300 (1996 SIL).

Wab

[wab] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000).

Warapu

[wra] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm 2000).

Weliki

[klh] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1990 SIL).

Yakaikeke

[ykk] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1998 SIL).

Yangum Dey

[yde] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2000 census).

Yangum Gel

[ygl] 6b (Threatened). 45 (2000 census).

Yau

[yyu] 6b (Threatened). 140 (2003 SIL).

Yawiyo

[ybx] 6b (Threatened). 66 (2000 census).

Yelogu

[ylg] 6b (Threatened). 160 (2003 SIL).

Yimas

[yee] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm 2000).

7 (Shifting)

Aimele

[ail] 7 (Shifting). 140 (2000), decreasing.

[akq] 7 (Shifting). 75 (Wurm 2000).

Alekano

[gah] 7 (Shifting). 25,000 (1999 SIL), increasing.

Amara

[aie] 7 (Shifting). 230 (2011 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals.

Ambakich

[aew] 7 (Shifting). 770 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,970 (2003 SIL).

Arapesh, Bumbita

[aon] 7 (Shifting). 4,340 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 8,680.

Atemble

[ate] 7 (Shifting). 60 (Wurm 2000).

Bagupi

[bpi] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 125.

Faita

[faj] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Kombio

[xbi] 7 (Shifting). 2,970 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Small groups in West New Britain, Vanimo and Lae areas; a few elsewhere. About 2,400 live in Kombio area.

Malalamai

[mmt] 7 (Shifting). 900 (2011 SIL).

Mawan

[mcz] 7 (Shifting). 470 (2003 SIL), decreasing.

Mindiri

[mpn] 7 (Shifting). 80 (Wurm 2000).

Minidien

[wii] 7 (Shifting). 100 (2004 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,190 (2000 census).

Moere

[mvq] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Mosimo

[mqv] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Musom

[msu] 7 (Shifting). 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 620.

Papi

[ppe] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Patep

[ptp] 7 (Shifting). 1,700 (2003 SIL).

Piu

[pix] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Samosa

[swm] 7 (Shifting). 90 (Wurm 2000).

Sera

[sry] 7 (Shifting). 510 (2000 census).

Som

[smc] 7 (Shifting). 80 (Wurm 2000).

Suarmin

[seo] 7 (Shifting). 140 (2000 S. Wurm).

Sumariup

[siv] 7 (Shifting). 80 (1993 SIL).

Vehes

[val] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Wiarumus

[tua] 7 (Shifting). 460 (2000 census).

Yambes

[ymb] 7 (Shifting). 1,080 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals.

8a (Moribund)

Ainbai

[aic] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2003 SIL).

Bikaru

[bic] 8a (Moribund). 100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Bilakura

[bql] 8a (Moribund). 30 (Wurm 2000).

Iteri

[itr] 8a (Moribund). 480 (2003 SIL).

Madi

[grg] 8a (Moribund). 380 (2003 SIL).

Mawak

[mjj] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Wurm 2000).

Piame

[pin] 8a (Moribund). 100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Puare

[pux] 8a (Moribund). 35 (2003 SIL).

Pyu

[pby] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2000 census).

Sonia

[siq] 8a (Moribund). 400 (1993 SIL), decreasing.

Taiap

[gpn] 8a (Moribund). 75 (Wurm 2007).

Turaka

[trh] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Wurm 2000).

Uya

[usu] 8a (Moribund). 270 (2003 SIL).

Wantoat

[wnc] 8a (Moribund). 8,200 (McElhanon 1978). 390 Bam (McElhanon 1978) and 490 Yagawak (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Yarawata

[yrw] 8a (Moribund). 130 (2003 SIL).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Abaga

[abg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (1994 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 150 (2011 SIL).

Abom

[aob] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (2002 SIL).

Dumun

[dui] 8b (Nearly extinct). 35 (Wurm 2000).

Gorovu

[grq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (Wurm 2000), decreasing.

Gweda

[grw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 26 (2001 SIL).

Kamasa

[klp] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2003 SIL).

Karawa

[xrw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 63 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals (2007 SIL).

Kawacha

[kcb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 40.

Kowaki

[xow] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Wurm 2000).

Magori

[zgr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Mamaa

[mhf] 8b (Nearly extinct). 200 (McElhanon 1978).

Mungkip

[mpv] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 670 (2006 SIL).

Onjob

[onj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 150 (Wurm 2000).

Rema

[bow] 8b (Nearly extinct).

Susuami

[ssu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Wurm 2000).

Tenis

[tns] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (Wurm 2000), decreasing.

Turumsa

[tqm] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2002 SIL), decreasing.

Unserdeutsch

[uln] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100. 15 in New Britain, a few scattered in Papua New Guinea; the rest southeast Queensland, Australia (1981 C. Volker).

Unubahe

[unu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 59.

Yapunda

[yev] 8b (Nearly extinct). 60 (Wurm 2000).

9 (Dormant)

Momare

[msz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Only about 10 people can speak the language with each other. Ethnic population: 800.

10 (Extinct)

Aribwatsa

[laz] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Bina

[bmn] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Hermit

[llf] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Kaniet

[ktk] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Karami

[xar] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Laua

[luf] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Makolkol

[zmh] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Mulaha

[mfw] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. Extinct since the 1950s (Wurm 2007).

Ouma

[oum] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Sene

[sej] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Uruava

[urv] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Yoba

[yob] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Ethnologue

Papua New Guinea

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