United States

[abe] Vermont, Lake Champlain north end. No known L1 speakers in United States. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Abenaki
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[afs] Bracketville, Texas. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Afro-Seminole, Black Seminole, Seminole Dialects: Mexico Afro-Seminole, Texas Afro-Seminole. Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Northern
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[akz] Southeast Texas; Alabama, Coushatta Reservation near Livingston. 250 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 460 (2000 census) in Alabama and Texas. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Alibamu Dialects: Lexical similarity: less than 50% with Koasati [cku]. Classification: Muskogean, Eastern Muskogean, Central Muskogean, Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati, Alabama-Koasati
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[ase] Also in Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, El Salvador, Gabon, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Nigeria, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands, Zimbabwe. No accurate census figures available that distinguish language use from audiological deafness. 100,000–500,000 primary users (Van Cleve 1986) out of nearly 2,000,000 profoundly deaf persons in the United States (1988), Below 1% of the population. Population total all countries: 7,050. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: ASL Dialects: Black American Sign Language, Tactile ASL (TASL). Some lexical variation across the United States and much of Canada, but intelligibility is high among all dialects called ASL. Black American Sign Language developed in schools for African-American deaf people due to segregation in the southern United States. It contains some distinctive vocabulary and grammatical structure. Tactile ASL (TASL) is used throughout the United States by and with deaf-blind people, especially those with Usher’s Syndrome, concentrations of which are found in Louisiana and Seattle. TASL uses ASL vocabulary and grammar, except (1) the deaf-blind person receives signs through touch by feeling signs in the palms, and (2) minor syntactic modifications to compensate for the deaf-blind person’s lack of access to the signer’s facial expressions. Some deaf-blind people learn Braille for reading English. Dialects or closely-related languages derived from ASL, are used in many other countries. Lexical similarity: 57% between modern ASL and French Sign Language (LSF) [fsl] on a comparison of 872 signs. Although the 2 are related, ASL has undergone substantial creolization (Woodward 1975, 1976). Classification: Deaf sign language Comments: American Sign Language is different from Signed English, which refers to a range of signing registers that reflect some influence from English. At the extreme end are Signing Exact English (SEE) and Seeing Essential English (SEE2), artificially-constructed systems that attempt to match English word and morpheme order exactly. English-influenced signing that does not follow English grammar exactly is generally called contact signing or Pidgin Signed English. Deaf schools and interpreters in mainstream settings may use any one of these registers.
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[apj] Northern New Mexico, Dulce area. 300 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,100 (Golla 2007). All Apache varieties: 13,270 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache
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[apl] New Mexico, Mescalero Reservation. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Lipan Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache
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[apw] East central Arizona, several reservations. 14,000 (Golla 2007). 6,000 on San Carlos, 7,000 on Fort Apache Reservation (White Mountain Apache Tribe); smaller numbers at Tonto, Camp Verde, and Fort McDowell reservations (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 20,157 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Coyotero Dialects: Cibecue, San Carlos, Tonto, White Mountain. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache
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[ari] North Dakota, Fort Berthold Reservation, eastern segment, mostly White Shield and Parshall. 10 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 94 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Arikaree, Arikari, Arikaris, Ree, Ris Classification: Caddoan, Northern Caddoan, Kitsai-Proto-Pawnee, Proto-Pawnee Comments: Reportedly a group Lewis and Clark met in 1804 in North Dakota. 30,000 were reduced to 6,000 due to smallpox.
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[atw] Northeast California. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). 1,350 with Achumawi (2000 A. Yamamoto). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Palaihnihan Comments: No known speakers since 1998 (Golla 2007). Heritage language of 2 of the 11 bands that constitute the Pit River Tribe.
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[bla] Blackfeet Reservation, Montana. 100 in United States (2001 I. Goddard), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,000–8,000 in the United States (2001 I. Goddard). 1,604 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Blackfeet, Pikanii Dialects: Piegan (Peigan). Classification: Algic, Algonquian Comments: In Missoula, Montana, summer language classes are offered in Blackfoot.
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[chl] Southern California, San Gorgonio Pass and Mohave Desert areas. 35 (2009 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (Hinton 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Takic, Cahuilla
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[cay] Western New York, Cattaraugus Reservation. 10 in United States (1991 M. Kinkade), decreasing. Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock Comments: The dialect in Oklahoma is extinct.
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[cea] Washington southwest coast. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Salish, Tsamosan, Quinault Comments: Not well documented but some sound recordings were made around 1940.
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[chr] East and northeast Oklahoma, Cherokee Reservation; Great Smokey Mountains; western North Carolina. 10,400 (2010 census). 130 monolinguals. Spoken by 10,000 of the 122,000 member Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, by 1,000 of the 10,000 Eastern Band of Cherokees in North Carolina, by a high percentage of the 7,500 members of the United Keetoowah Band of Oklahoma and Arkansas (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 139,500 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tsalagi, Tslagi Dialects: Elati (Eastern Cherokee, Lower Cherokee), Kituhwa (Middle Cherokee), Otali (Overhill Cherokee, Upper Cherokee, Western Cherokee), Overhill-Middle Cherokee. Classification: Iroquoian Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
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[chy] Northern Cheyenne Reservation, southeastern Montana; associated with Arapaho in western Oklahoma. 2,100 (Golla 2007). Spoken by 1,700 in Montana, 400 in Oklahoma (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,000 in Montana (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Algic, Algonquian
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[cid] Northwest California. No remaining speakers. No ethnic group members left (1997 K. Turner). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Last speaker died around 1950 (Golla 2007). Chimariko descendants consider both Hupa [hup] and Chimariko to be heritage languages but emphasize Hupa for cultural revitalization.
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[wuu] California and New York. 1,820 in United States (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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[chn] Formerly Pacific Northwest; now probably scattered. 640 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 120, including 30 in Oregon (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Chinook Jargon, Chinook Pidgin, Tsinuk Wawa Classification: Pidgin, Amerindian
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[ctm] Southern Louisiana. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 300 (1977 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Last speaker died in 1940 (Golla 2007).
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[clm] Washington, northeast Olympic Peninsula, Port Angeles. 5 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: Several thousands (1997 T. Montler). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Klallam, Na’klallam, S’klallam Dialects: Similar to the Saanich dialect of Straits Salish [str]. Classification: Salish, Central Salish
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[crd] Northern Idaho, Coeur d’Alene Reservation. 2 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007). Ethnic population: 80 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Salish, Interior, Southern
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[com] Western Oklahoma. 100 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Similar to Shoshoni [shh] and Timbisha [par]. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Central
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[coq] Southwest Oregon, formerly on upper Coquille river. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mishikhwutmetunee, Upper Coquille Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tututni-Chasta Costa-Coquille
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[crk] North central Montana, Rocky Boy Reservation. 100 in United States (2001 I. Goddard), decreasing. Ethnic population may include Chippewa [ciw]. Ethnic population: 1,560 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Western Cree Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais
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[crz] Southern California, near Santa Barbara. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Island Chumash, Isleño Dialects: Not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects. Classification: Chumashan, Island Chumash
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[dak] Several widely dispersed reservation communities in Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and the Dakotas; South Dakota, Yankton and Crow Creek reservations; North Dakota, northern Standing Rock Reservation, Devils Lake and Fort Peck reservations. Also in Canada. 18,800 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. 31 monolinguals (1990 census). 25,000 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 103,000 (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 20,460. Ethnic population: 5,000 Yanktonais (1997 D. Parks); 20,475 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sioux Dialects: Dakota (Dakhota, Santee, Santee-Sisseton), Nakota (Nakoda, Yankton, Yankton-Yanktonais). Lexical similarity: 83%–86% with Stoney [sto], 89%–94% with Assiniboine [asb], 90%–95% with dialects. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota
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[del] Population total all countries: 7. Comments: Member languages are: Munsee [umu] (Canada), Unami [unm]
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[eng] 225,000,000 in United States (2010 census). Many regional and social dialects. Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Dialects: African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
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[eya] Alaska, Copper river mouth. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 50 (1995 M. Krauss). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan Comments: Last speaker died January 2008.
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[frc] Southern Louisiana, west of the Mississippi to Avoyelles, Evangeline, Allen, and Calcasieu parishes. 25,600 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Acadian, Cadien, Cajan, Cajun Dialects: Big Woods French, Marsh French, Prairie French. Reportedly Cajun speakers can partially understand standard French [fra]. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French Comments: Ancestors came from French Canada in the 18th century. Christian.
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[geh] 128 colonies in the United States, with about 95 per colony. 10,800 in United States (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Carinthian German, Hutterian German, Tirolean, Tyrolese Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Bavarian-Austrian Comments: Christian.
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[ats] North central Montana, Fort Belknap Reservation, Milk river. 10 (Golla 2007), decreasing. No fully fluent speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ahahnelin, Ahe, Ananin, Atsina, Fall Indians, Gros Ventres, White Clay People Dialects: Intelligible with Arapaho [arp]. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Arapaho
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[hdn] Alaska panhandle south tip, south half of Prince of Wales island, Hydaburg, Kasaan, Craig, and Ketchikan. 15 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 600 in the United States (1995 M. Krauss); 130 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Masset Classification: Haida
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[haa] Alaska, Yukon river near Alaska-Canada border, Eagle. Also in Canada. 12 in United States (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 19. Ethnic population: 50 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Moosehide Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan Comments: There is a Han textbook with tapes for teaching the language.
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[hwc] Hawaiian Islands, United States mainland (especially the west coast, Las Vegas, and Orlando). 600,000 (2012 J. Grimes). 100,000–200,000 with low proficiency in standard English (1986 M. Forman). Another 100,000 on the United States mainland. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hawai’i Creole, Hawai’i Creole English, HCE, Pidgin Dialects: The basilect is barely intelligible with standard English (McKaughan and Forman 1982). Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific Comments: Christian, traditional religion, Buddhist.
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[haw] Hawaiian Islands, mainly Ni’ihau island, Island of Hawai’i, some on all other islands; some in every state. 2,000 (Wurm 2007). 500 with Ni’ihau Island connections, another 500 in their 70s or 80s (1995 L. Wong). 8,000 can speak and understand it (1993 K. Haugen). In 1900 there were 37,000 L1 speakers (1995 Honolulu Advertiser). 2000 census lists 27,200. Ethnic population: 237,000 in Hawaii (1996 Hawaii State Department of Health), 19% of the population (1990 Hawaii State Department of Health), and 99,000 ethnic Hawaiians on the United States mainland (1990 census), including 24,300 in California. Ethnic Hawaiians include 8,300 pure Hawaiian, 72,800 between 50% and 99% Hawaiian, 127,500 fewer than 50% Hawaiian in Hawaii (1984 Office of Hawaiian Affairs). In 1778 there were believed to have been more than 500,000 pure Hawaiians (1995 W. Harada). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in State of Hawaii (1978, Hawaii Constitution, Article 15(4)), co-official with English. Alternate Names: ’Olelo Hawai’i, ’Olelo Hawai’i Makuahine Dialects: Lexical similarity: 79% with Rarotongan [rar], 77% with Tuamotuan [pmt], 76% with Tahitian [tah] (Elbert), 71% with Maori [mri] (Schütz), 70% with Marquesan [mqm], 64% with Rapa Nui [rap]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Central, Marquesic Comments: Christian, traditional religion.
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[win] Central Wisconsin scattered; eastern Nebraska, Winnebago Reservation. 250 (Golla 2007). 230 reported in 1997 (1997 V. Zeps). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1995 V. Zeps). 1,654 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Hocák, Hocak Wazijaci, Hocank, Hochank, Winnebago Dialects: Nebraska, Wisconsin. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Chiwere-Winnebago Comments: The name is written with a hook under the, a, of Hocák, representing a nasalized vowel. The official name for the people is Hocák Nation. Glossonym: Winnebago by the Algonquin.
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[hop] Northeast Arizona, several villages; a few in Utah and New Mexico. 6,780 (2010 census), decreasing. 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,350 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan
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[inz] Southern California, near Santa Barbara. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Classification: Chumashan, Central Chumash
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[esi] Alaska, Norton Sound and Point Hope. Also in Canada (North Alaskan Inuktitut). May include Northwest Alaska Inupiatun [esk]. All Inupiatun: 3,000 (includes [esk]) (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,420 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: “Eskimo” , Inupiak, Inupiat, North Alaskan Inuktitut, North Alaskan Inupiat Dialects: Anaktuvik Pass Inupiatun, North Slope Inupiatun (Point Barrow Inupiatun), Point Hope Inupiatun, West Arctic Inupiatun. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq
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[iow] Formerly north central Oklahoma; northeast Kansas, Iowa Reservation. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,150 (Golla 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Iowa (Baxoje, Ioway), Niutaji (Missouri, Missouria, Nyut’chi), Oto (Chiwere, Jiwele, Jiwere, Otoe). Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Chiwere-Winnebago Comments: Last fluent speakers of Iowa and Oto died in 1996. Others have some knowledge of the language (1997 J. GoodTracks). Iowa and Oto were 1 language, with some family variations cross-cutting tribal affiliations. Missouri dialect has been extinct for many years. Language preservation activities taking place in Oklahoma.
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[kyl] Northwest Oregon. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Lukamiute, Santiam, Wapatu Dialects: Santiam. Classification: Takelman Comments: The last speaker (Santiam dialect) died in the 1950s (Golla 2007).
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[ksk] North central Oklahoma. No known L1 speakers. No fluent speakers since the early 1980s; 12 people claim to know Kansa (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,700 (Golla 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Kanze, Kaw, Konze Dialects: Similar to Omaha [oma], Osage [osa], Ponca [oma], and Quapaw [qua]. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dhegihan, Omaha-Ponca
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[kju] 45 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Southwestern Pomo Classification: Pomoan, Western, Southern Comments: Separate from other Pomo varieties.
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[xaw] California, south, Mojave Desert, Tehachapi-Mojave area. 5 (2005 J. Turner). Ethnic population: 150 to 250 (2005 J. Turner). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Southern
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[kjq] New Mexico, north central. 3,990 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007). 1,930 Acoma, 2,060 Laguna (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007); 2000 census lists 11,200 as Keres. Ethnic population: 10,700 including 3,860 Acoma, 6,870 Laguna (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Western Keres Pueblo Dialects: Acoma, Laguna. Classification: Keresan Comments: The pueblo sponsors a language preservation project.
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[kio] Oklahoma, west central. 400 (Golla 2007). 1,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Kiowa-Tanoan
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[kla] Oregon, south central, areas east and north of Klamath and Agency lakes; Modoc directly south. No known L1 speakers. 6 adult L2 speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Most similar to Molale [mbe]. Classification: Language isolate Comments: The last speaker died in 2003 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007). Active language programs and materials development in Modoc.
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[koy] Alaska, Koyukuk and middle Yukon rivers. 300 (Golla 2007). 300 (1995 M. Krauss); 100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,300 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ten’a Dialects: Central Koyukon, Central Koyukuk River, Lower Koyukon, Upper Koyukon. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan
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[kuu] Central Alaska, Nikolai, Telida, McGrath, and Upper Kuskokwim river. 40 (Golla 2007). 3 households (1997). Ethnic population: 160 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kolchan, Mcgrath Ingalik Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan Comments: Formerly regarded as part of Degexit’an [ing].
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[lkt] South Dakota, Cheyenne River, Lower Brule, Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Sisseton, and Southern Standing Rock reservations; substantial off-reservation communities particularly in Rapid City, Minneapolis, and other urban centers in the upper Midwest. Also in Canada. 6,000 in United States (1997 R. Pustet), decreasing. 25,000 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 103,000 (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 6,190. Ethnic population: 20,000 (1997 R. Pustet). 103,255 ethnic Sioux in the United States (1990 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lakhota, Lakotiyapi, Teton Dialects: Brulé. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota
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[lui] Southern California. 5 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,500 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: Ajachemem, Juaneño (Acgachemem, Agachemem, Ajachema, Ajachemem), Luiseño. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Takic
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[lut] Washington, Puget Sound area. 10 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007), decreasing. Population evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. Ethnic population: 18,000 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: Northern Lushootseed, Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed includes subdialect Swinomish. Classification: Salish, Central Salish, Lushootseed
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[mjd] California, Butte, and Yuba counties, Feather river, Oroville area. Ethnic group is scattered. 3 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Concow, “Digger” , Holólupai, Konkau, Konkow, Maiduan, Meidoo, Michopdo, Nákum, Secumne, Sekumne, Tsamak, Yuba Dialects: A separate language from other Maidu varieties. Classification: Maiduan
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[myh] Washington Olympic Peninsula northern tip, opposite Vancouver Island. 12 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,220 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kweedishchaaht, Kwe-Nee-Chee-Aht Classification: Wakashan, Southern Wakashan, Nootkan
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[mhq] North Dakota, Fort Berthold Reservation. 10 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 130 in the United States (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan
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[mvb] Northern California. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, California Athabaskan Comments: The last speaker died in the 1950s. A few individuals retain some memory of the language (Golla 2007).
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[sac] Tama, Iowa. Mesquakie dialect: eastern Kansas-Nebraska border and central Oklahoma; Sac and Fox dialects: Sac and Fox Reservation. 200 (2001 I. Goddard). 200 Mesquakie in Iowa, more than 50 Sac and Fox in central Oklahoma, a few Nemaha Sauks on the Kansas-Nebraska border (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 760 Fox (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Mesquakie, Sac and Fox, Sauk-Fox Dialects: Fox, Mesquakie, Sac. Kansas and Oklahoma groups closely related to Kickapoo [kic] of Oklahoma and Mexico. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Fox
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[crg] North Dakota, Turtle Mountain Reservation. Also in Canada. 75 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. Population total all countries: 725. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: French Cree, Mitchif Dialects: Most similar to Plains Cree [crk]. Several varieties in Canada. Classification: Mixed language, French-Cree Comments: Spoken by some descendants of the children of Indian women and French fur traders.
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[mik] The dominant language in 4 Seminole reservations: Big Cypress, Immokalee, Hollywood, Tampa in Florida. 190 (2010 census). 35 monolinguals. Spoken by most of the 400 members of the Miccosukee Tribe as well as by many of the 2,700 members of the Seminole Tribe (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hitchiti, Miccosukee, Mikasuki Seminole Dialects: Hitchiti, Mikasuki. Not intelligible with Muskogee [mus], Alabama [akz], or Koasati [cku]. Classification: Muskogean, Eastern Muskogean, Central Muskogean, Hitchiti-Mikasuki
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[csi] California, coast from San Francisco Bay to Bodega Bay. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Bodega, Huimen, Marin Miwok. Classification: Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Western Miwokan Comments: Distinct from other Miwok varieties. Became extinct in 1960s or 1970s. Bodega and Marin Miwok dialects were possibly separate languages.
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[nsq] North central California, Jackson Rancheria near Westpoint. No known L1 speakers. 2000 census lists 50 Sierra Miwok which may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd]. Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Distinct from other Miwok varieties. Classification: Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Eastern Miwokan, Sierra Miwok Comments: Extensive documentation including numerous audio recordings and videotapes of speakers.
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[skd] California, headwaters of the Merced and Chowchilla rivers and Mariposa Creek. 7 (1994 L. Hinton). 2000 census lists 50 Sierra Miwok which may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd]. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Meewoc, Mewoc, Me-Wuk, Miwoc, Miwokan, Mokélumne, Moquelumnan, San Raphael, Talatui, Talutui, Yosemite Classification: Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Eastern Miwokan, Sierra Miwok
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[moh] Northern New York, Saint Regis Reservation. 3,000 in United States (Golla 2007). 1,300 (2000 census), which also lists 190 Iroquois. Ethnic population: 6,000 (1997); 1,303 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanien’kéha Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida
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[mkj] 450 in United States (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Ponapeic
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[mnr] East central California, Sierra Nevada west side, between Yosemite National Park and King Canyon National Park; Sierra Nevada east side, Owens Valley, Lone Pine north to Big Pine. 37 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing. More than 20 speakers and 100 semispeakers of Western Mono. Under 30 speakers of Eastern Mono (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 Eastern Mono (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Monachi Dialects: Eastern Mono, Western Mono. Related to Northern Paiute [pao]. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Western Comments: Each of the communities has sponsored language revival programs.
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[nnt] Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 400 (1977 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Nanticoke-Conoy
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[ncz] Originally Mississippi and Louisiana (Taensa dialect); now among the Creeks and Cherokees in Oklahoma. 6 (2011 H. Fields). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: Taensa. Classification: Language isolate
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[nez] Upriver dialect: North central Idaho, Nez Perce Reservation, Kamiah and Lapwai; eastern Washington, Colville Reservation. Downriver dialect: Oregon, Umatilla Reservation. 200 (1997 H. Aoki), decreasing. Spoken fluently only by a handful of elders on Nez Perce and Colville Reservations. 30–40 semispeakers, mostly in Idaho (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,700 (1997 H. Aoki); 612 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Nuumiipuutimt, Nuumiipuutímt Dialects: Downriver, Upriver. Classification: Sahaptian Comments: Conversational Nez Perce taught in Nespelem, Washington. There is a formal program of Nez Perce language instruction at Lewis-Clark State College in Lewiston, Idaho as well as an independent program run by the tribe itself on the Idaho reservation, in Lapwai, Kamiah, and Orofino, Idaho.
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[nol] California, Grindstone Rancheria, Paskenta, and Round Valley reservation. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Central Wintun, Wintu, Wintun Dialects: Similar to Patwin [pwi] and Wintu [wnw]. Classification: Wintuan
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[ntw] Southampton County, Virginia. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Tuscarora-Nottoway Comments: Extinct around 1958.
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[cst] North central California, Monterrey and San Benito counties. Subdialects of East Bay were Huchiun (Juichun), Niles (Chocheño), San José, San Lorenzo. Soledad may be transitional between Northern and Southern Ohlone. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: “Costanoan” Dialects: East Bay, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Soledad. Classification: Miwok-Costanoan, Costanoan Comments: Last fluent speakers in the 18th or early 19th centuries.
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[oka] Washington State, Colville Reservation. 400 in United States (Golla 2007). 400 on Colville Reservation, plus a few dozen elsewhere (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Okanagan-Colville, Okanagon, Okanogan Dialects: Colville, Lake, Sanpoil, Southern Okanogan. Classification: Salish, Interior, Southern
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[one] Central New York, east Wisconsin. 12 in United States (Golla 2007). 6 monolinguals. No reliable estimates for number of speakers in New York state (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 11,000 at Green Bay, Wisconsin (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida
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[osa] North central Oklahoma. 10 (Golla 2007), increasing. Ethnic population: 11,000 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Reintroduced). Alternate Names: Wazhazhe Dialects: Similar to Omaha [oma], Ponca [oma], Quapaw [qua], and Kansa [ksk]. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dhegihan
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[pao] North Nevada and adjacent areas of Oregon, California, and Idaho. About 20 reservations spread over 1,610 square km. 700 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Plus 400 semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Paviotso Dialects: Bannock, North Northern Paiute (Mcdermitt), South Northern Paiute (Yerington-Schurz). Related to Mono [mnr]. Most reservations have their own dialect. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Western
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[pwi] California, Rumsey, Cortina, and Grindstone. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Southern Wintun, Wintu Dialects: Similar to Nomlaki [nol] and Wintu [wnw]. Classification: Wintuan
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[psy] Maryland. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Conoy Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Nanticoke-Conoy
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[pdt] Hillsboro, Kansas; Reedley, California; and Corn, Oklahoma. 12,000 in United States (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Low German, Mennonite German Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon Comments: Christian.
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[peb] Northern California, Clear Lake area. Speakers on the west side of Clear Lake (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Clear Lake Pomo Classification: Pomoan
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[pej] California, Sherwood Valley area. 1 (Golla 2007). One elderly speaker at Sherwood Rancheria, near Willits (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: Guidiville, Sherwood Valley. Classification: Pomoan, Western
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[peq] California, Cloverdale and Geyserville. Speakers in the Cloverdale and Geyserville areas. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gallinoméro Classification: Pomoan, Western, Southern
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[pim] Tidewater Virginia. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Virginia Algonkian, Virginia Algonquian Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian
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[puy] Southern California, near Santa Barbara. No known L1 speakers. Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Classification: Chumashan, Central Chumash
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[yum] Southeast corner of California, Fort Yuma Reservation. 150 (Golla 2007). 360 Delta River Yuman and 400 Yuma (2000 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kechan, Quecl, Yuma Dialects: Similar to Maricopa [mrc] and Mohave [mov]. Classification: Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, River, Mojave
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[qun] Washington State, west coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Quinault Reservation, centered on the Taholah Community. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1977 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Lower Chehalis. Classification: Salish, Tsamosan Comments: Some who heard it as children have good pronunciation.
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[sln] California, central coast. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: hundreds (1997 K. Turner). Status: 9 (Dormant). Dialects: Formerly 2 dialects, Antoniano and Migueleño. A few linguists have posited a relationship to Hokan. Classification: Language isolate Comments: Last speakers died in the early 1960s (Golla 2007). Interest in language revival.
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[str] Washington State. Samish dialect: San Juan Islands; Lummi dialect: mainland south of San Juan Islands. 5 in United States (Golla 2007). 5 speakers but mixed with other dialects and do not form a distinct speech community. No L1 speakers of Lummi (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Northern Straits Salish, Straits Dialects: Lummi, Samish, Semiahmoo, Songish, Ts’ooke. Classification: Salish, Central Salish
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[see] Western New York, Tonawanda, Cattaraugus, and Allegheny reservations. 100 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,240 (1997 W. Chafe): 900 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock
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[sht] Northern California. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 12 (1990 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Sastean, Shastan Dialects: Formerly 4 dialects. Classification: Language isolate Comments: The people have merged their identity with the Karuk Tribe and consider Karuk [kyh] to be their heritage language.
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[shh] Central to northeast Nevada; Idaho, Fort Hall Reservation. Northern Shoshoni dialect: Wind River Reservation, Wyoming; Gosiute dialect: west Utah. 1,000 (Golla 2007). Also 1,000 speakers who are not fluent. Ethnic population: 7,000 (1977 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Shoshone Dialects: Gosiute (Goshute), Northern Shoshoni, Western Shoshoni. Wind River Shoshoni is a subdialect of Northern Shoshoni, spoken at Wind River Reservation. Similar to Comanche [com] and Timbisha [par], which are not inherently intelligible of Shoshoni. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Central, Shoshoni-Goshiute
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[ska] Washington, Puget Sound east side. 100 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Swinomish Dialects: Northern Lushootseed. Classification: Salish, Central Salish, Lushootseed
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[spa] Widespread. 34,200,000 in United States (2010 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in State of New Mexico. Alternate Names: Castellano, Español Dialects: Chicano (Caló), Isleno (Isleño, Islenyo). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian Comments: Population increased 61% or more since 1970. About 40,000 Islenos in New Orleans speak Isleno, a distinct variety of Canary Island Spanish, which may now face extinction after Hurricane Katrina.
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[tcb] East Alaska, near Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Healy Lake, Dot Lake, and Tok. 60 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 220 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: Healy Lake, Mansfield-Ketchumstuck. Little dialect variation. Mansfield-Ketchumstuck is most important politically and numerically. Most similar to Upper Tanana [tau], but with different tone systems. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan Comments: Recognized as a distinct language in the 1970s.
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[taa] Central Alaska, Tanana river below Fairbanks, Nenana, and Minto. 15 (Krauss 2007). Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Tanana Dialects: Chena, Salcha-Goodpaster. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan Comments: Chena River dialect became extinct in 1976 and Salcha-Goodpaster in 1993.
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[tqn] Oregon, Warm Springs Reservation. 50 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Warm Springs Classification: Sahaptian, Sahaptin
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[til] Northwest Oregon. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Salish Comments: The last speaker died in 1970.
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[twf] North central New Mexico. 1,060 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007), decreasing. Picuris spoken by nearly all 230 members of the Picuris Pueblo. 800 Taos speakers out of 1,600 in the pueblo (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,830 (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: Picuris, Taos. Taos and Picuris are not mutually intelligible (Golla 2007). Classification: Kiowa-Tanoan, Tanoan
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[tli] Yakutat north to Ketchikan south; inland, Carcross-Tagish. Also in Canada. 500 in United States (Golla 2007), decreasing. Population total all countries: 630. Ethnic population: 10,000 in the United States (1995 M. Krauss). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kolosch, Kolosh, Thlinget, Tlinkit Classification: Language isolate Comments: Rich documentation of Tlingit literature and oratory in publications by Nora and Richard Dauenhauer (Golla 2007).
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[tol] California, Smith River Rancheria, near Crescent City. 1 (Golla 2007). One elderly semispeaker in 2001 but growing numbers of younger emerging speakers with limited competence (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Smith River Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tolowa-Chetco Comments: Chasta Costa was a separate tribe in Oregon; now extinct.
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[tsi] Tip of Alaska panhandle, Annette island, New Metlakatla; Ketchikan. 70 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,300 (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Chimmezyan, Sm’algyax, Tsimshean, Zimshian Classification: Tsimshian
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[tun] Originally western Mississippi and northeast Louisiana. No known L1 speakers. Became extinct after 1950 (Golla 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Language isolate Comments: Heritage language of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Marksville, Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana.
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[tuu] Southwest Oregon. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tututni-Chasta Costa-Coquille Comments: The last fluent speaker died in 1983 (Golla 2007). Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation adopted Deene, a standardized form of Oregon Athabaskan based on Tolowa [tol] rather than Tututni, as the heritage language of the group.
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[uma] South central Washington State, Yakima Reservation, Toppenish. 25 (Golla 2007). 25 to 50 Umatilla and Walla Walla [waa] speakers together. Ethnic population: 120 (1977 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Columbia River Sahaptin, Ichishkíin Classification: Sahaptian, Sahaptin
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[ute] Ute dialect: southwest Colorado, and southeast and northeast Utah; Southern Paiute dialect: southwest Utah, north Arizona, and south Nevada; Chemehuevi dialect on lower Colorado river, California. 920 (Golla 2007). 20 monolinguals (1990 census). 3 Chemehuevi on Chemehuevi Reservation, 10 on Colorado River Reservation (Hinton 1994). Ethnic population: Ute: 4,800; Southern Paiute: 1,430 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ute-Chemehuevi Dialects: Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Southern
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[wlk] Northern California, Round Valley Reservation. No remaining speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, California Athabaskan
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[wam] Southeast Massachusetts. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2006). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Massachusett, Massachusetts, Natick Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian
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[wac] North central Oregon, south central Washington. 58 (2010 census). 7 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 750 possibly (1977 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Upper Chinook Classification: Chinookan, Upper Chinookan
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[wic] West central Oklahoma, Caddo county, Anadarko. 1 (2008 B. Levy). Ethnic population: 2,100 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: Tawakoni, Waco. Similar to Kitsai [kii] and Pawnee [paw]. Classification: Caddoan, Northern Caddoan
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[wiy] Northwest California. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 450 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Algic, Ritwan Comments: Last speaker died in 1962 (1975 K. Teeter).
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[yak] South central Washington State, Yakima Reservation, Toppenish. 25 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000 (1977 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ichishkíin, Yakima Dialects: Klikitat. Classification: Sahaptian, Sahaptin Comments: Together with Cowlitz [cow] and Klikitat, sometimes called Northwest Sahaptin.
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[ydd] All states. 148,000 in United States (2009 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish
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[yuc] East central Oklahoma among Creek people, near Sapulpa, Hectorsville, and Bristow. 5 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Uchean Classification: Language isolate
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[esu] Alaska, Delta area, Nunivak Island, Unalakleet to Bristol Bay coast to Unalakleet on Norton Sound; inland along Nushagak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon rivers. Cup’ik used in Chevak, Alaska. 10,000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 21,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Alaskan Yupik Dialects: Cup’ik, Kuskokwim Yupik (Bethel Yupik). 3 quite distinct dialects. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik, Alaskan Yupik
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[ems] Prince William Sound area, Tatitlek, Chenega Bay, Cordova, a few in Valdez; Kenai peninsula southwest coast, Cook Inlet entrance, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Seldovia. 300 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,900 (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Alutiiq, “Chugach Eskimo” , Koniag-Chugach, Pacific Yupik, “South Alaska Eskimo” , Sugcestun, “Sugpiak Eskimo” , “Sugpiaq Eskimo” , Suk Dialects: Chugach, Koniag. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik, Alaskan Yupik
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