United States

English

[eng] 1 (National). De facto national language. 225,000,000 in United States (2010 census). Many regional and social dialects.

2 (Provincial)

Hawaiian

[haw] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in State of Hawaii (1978, Hawaii Constitution, Article 15(4)), co-official with English. 2,000 (Wurm 2007). 500 with Ni’ihau Island connections, another 500 in their 70s or 80s (1995 L. Wong). 8,000 can speak and understand it (1993 K. Haugen). In 1900 there were 37,000 L1 speakers (1995 Honolulu Advertiser). 2000 census lists 27,200. Ethnic population: 237,000 in Hawaii (1996 Hawaii State Department of Health), 19% of the population (1990 Hawaii State Department of Health), and 99,000 ethnic Hawaiians on the United States mainland (1990 census), including 24,300 in California. Ethnic Hawaiians include 8,300 pure Hawaiian, 72,800 between 50% and 99% Hawaiian, 127,500 fewer than 50% Hawaiian in Hawaii (1984 Office of Hawaiian Affairs). In 1778 there were believed to have been more than 500,000 pure Hawaiians (1995 W. Harada).

Spanish

[spa] 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in State of New Mexico. 34,200,000 in United States (2010 census).

4 (Educational)

Yupik, Central Siberian

[ess] 4 (Educational). 1,400 in United States (Golla 2007). 2000 census counts those who use the language in the home. Population total all countries: 1,910.

5 (Dispersed)

French

[fra] 5 (Dispersed). 1,300,000 in United States (2010 census).

5 (Developing)

American Sign Language

[ase] 5 (Developing). No accurate census figures available that distinguish language use from audiological deafness. 100,000–500,000 primary users (Van Cleve 1986) out of nearly 2,000,000 profoundly deaf persons in the United States (1988), Below 1% of the population. Population total all countries: 7,050.

German, Pennsylvania

[pdc] 5 (Developing). 118,000 in United States (2010 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 133,000. Ethnic population: 200,000 (Kloss and McConnell 1974–1998).

Hawai’i Pidgin

[hwc] 5 (Developing). 600,000 (2012 J. Grimes). 100,000–200,000 with low proficiency in standard English (1986 M. Forman). Another 100,000 on the United States mainland.

Pangasinan

[pag] 5 (Developing). 2,140 in United States (2010 census).

Sea Island Creole English

[gul] 5 (Developing). 350 (2010 census). 7,000–10,000 monolinguals. 10,000 in New York City (Holm 1989). Ethnic population: 250,000.

6a (Vigorous)

Angloromani

[rme] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 in United States.

German, Hutterite

[geh] 6a (Vigorous). 10,800 in United States (2007 SIL).

6b (Threatened)

Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua

[apm] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Golla 2007). 1,500 Mescalero in New Mexico, 3 Chiricahua in Oklahoma (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: More than 3,000 Mescalero (Golla 2007). 175 Chiricawa, including 149 in New Mexico (2000 census).

Apache, Western

[apw] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (Golla 2007). 6,000 on San Carlos, 7,000 on Fort Apache Reservation (White Mountain Apache Tribe); smaller numbers at Tonto, Camp Verde, and Fort McDowell reservations (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 20,157 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007).

Arapaho

[arp] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,940 (Golla 2007).

Chamorro

[cha] 6b (Threatened). 18,000 in United States (2010 census).

Cherokee

[chr] 6b (Threatened). 10,400 (2010 census). 130 monolinguals. Spoken by 10,000 of the 122,000 member Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, by 1,000 of the 10,000 Eastern Band of Cherokees in North Carolina, by a high percentage of the 7,500 members of the United Keetoowah Band of Oklahoma and Arkansas (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 139,500 (Golla 2007).

Cheyenne

[chy] 6b (Threatened). 2,100 (Golla 2007). Spoken by 1,700 in Montana, 400 in Oklahoma (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,000 in Montana (Golla 2007).

Choctaw

[cho] 6b (Threatened). 10,400 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 120,400 including 111,400 in Oklahoma (1998 Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma). 20,000 in Oklahoma (Golla 2007).

Crow

[cro] 6b (Threatened). 3000 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007).

Dakota

[dak] 6b (Threatened). 18,800 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. 31 monolinguals (1990 census). 25,000 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 103,000 (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 20,460. Ethnic population: 5,000 Yanktonais (1997 D. Parks); 20,475 (2000 census).

Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai

[yuf] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (Golla 2007). 500 Havasupai, 1,000 Walapai, 100 to 150 Yavapai (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,860 including 570 Havasupai, 1,870 Walapai, 1,420 Yavapai (Ichihashi-Nakayama 2004).

Hopi

[hop] 6b (Threatened). 6,780 (2010 census), decreasing. 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,350 (Golla 2007).

Inupiatun, North Alaskan

[esi] 6b (Threatened). May include Northwest Alaska Inupiatun [esk]. All Inupiatun: 3,000 (includes [esk]) (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,420 (2000 census).

Inupiatun, Northwest Alaska

[esk] 6b (Threatened). 5,580 (2010 census), decreasing. All Inuit languages: 75,000 out of 91,000 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss). Census lists this as Eskimo. All Inupiatun: 13,500 (includes [esi]) (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: All Inupiatun: 13,500 (includes [esi]) (Golla 2007).

Jemez

[tow] 6b (Threatened). 1,790 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007), decreasing. 6 monolinguals (1990). 2,009 listed as Towa in 2000 census. Ethnic population: 1,940 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007).

Keres, Eastern

[kee] 6b (Threatened). 6,680 (Golla 2007). Population includes 500 Zia speakers, 390 Santa Ana, 2,340 San Felipe, 2,850 Santo Domingo, 600 Cochiti (Golla 2007). 2000 census lists 11,200 as Keres. Ethnic population: 8,100 including 1,200 Cochiti, 2,600 San Felipe, 650 Santa Ana, 2,850 Santo Domingo, 800 Zia (Golla 2007).

Keres, Western

[kjq] 6b (Threatened). 3,990 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007). 1,930 Acoma, 2,060 Laguna (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007); 2000 census lists 11,200 as Keres. Ethnic population: 10,700 including 3,860 Acoma, 6,870 Laguna (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007).

Kickapoo

[kic] 6b (Threatened). 400 in United States (Golla 2007), decreasing. 6 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 510. Ethnic population: 820 (2000 census).

Lakota

[lkt] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 in United States (1997 R. Pustet), decreasing. 25,000 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 103,000 (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 6,190. Ethnic population: 20,000 (1997 R. Pustet). 103,255 ethnic Sioux in the United States (1990 census).

Micmac

[mic] 6b (Threatened). 230 in United States (2010 census). 8,150 L1 speakers in Canada and the United States(Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 20,000 in both Canada and the United States (Golla 2007).

Mikasuki

[mik] 6b (Threatened). 190 (2010 census). 35 monolinguals. Spoken by most of the 400 members of the Miccosukee Tribe as well as by many of the 2,700 members of the Seminole Tribe (Golla 2007).

Mohawk

[moh] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 in United States (Golla 2007). 1,300 (2000 census), which also lists 190 Iroquois. Ethnic population: 6,000 (1997); 1,303 (2000 census).

Muskogee

[mus] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Golla 2007). 45 monolinguals. Spoken by 4,000–6,000 residents of the former territory of the Muscogee Nation and Seminole Nation in Oklahoma and by fewer than 200 of the Seminole Tribe of Florida (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 52,000 (1997 C. Pye).

Navajo

[nav] 6b (Threatened). 171,000 (2010 census). 7,600 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 266,000 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007).

Ohlone, Northern

[cst] 6b (Threatened). Subdialects of East Bay were Huchiun (Juichun), Niles (Chocheño), San José, San Lorenzo. Soledad may be transitional between Northern and Southern Ohlone.

Plautdietsch

[pdt] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 in United States (2000).

Purepecha

[tsz] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 in United States (2005 census).

Shoshoni

[shh] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Golla 2007). Also 1,000 speakers who are not fluent. Ethnic population: 7,000 (1977 SIL).

Tewa

[tew] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 18 monolinguals (1990 census). 1,200 speakers in New Mexico, 300 in Arizona (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,500 (Golla 2007).

Tiwa, Southern

[tix] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 1,500 Isleta, 100 Sandia speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,500, including 4,000 Isleta, 500 Sandia (Golla 2007).

Tohono O’odham

[ood] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 in United States (Golla 2007). 180 monolinguals (1990 census). Population total all countries: 14,094. Ethnic population: 33,000, including 20,000 Papago, 13,000 Pima (Ichihashi-Nakayama 2004).

Ute-Southern Paiute

[ute] 6b (Threatened). 920 (Golla 2007). 20 monolinguals (1990 census). 3 Chemehuevi on Chemehuevi Reservation, 10 on Colorado River Reservation (Hinton 1994). Ethnic population: Ute: 4,800; Southern Paiute: 1,430 (Golla 2007).

Yaqui

[yaq] 6b (Threatened). 430 in United States (2010 census). 2 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,000 (Golla 2007).

Yupik, Central

[esu] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 21,000 (1995 M. Krauss).

Zuni

[zun] 6b (Threatened). 9,650 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few, if any, monolinguals (2000). 2000 census lists 7,010 who use the language in the home. Ethnic population: 9,650.

7 (Shifting)

Alabama

[akz] 7 (Shifting). 250 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 460 (2000 census) in Alabama and Texas.

Aleut

[ale] 7 (Shifting). 150 in United States (Krauss 2007). Population total all countries: 500. Ethnic population: 1,030 (2000 census).

Apache, Jicarilla

[apj] 7 (Shifting). 300 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,100 (Golla 2007). All Apache varieties: 13,270 (2000 census).

Blackfoot

[bla] 7 (Shifting). 100 in United States (2001 I. Goddard), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,000–8,000 in the United States (2001 I. Goddard). 1,604 (2000 census).

Chippewa

[ciw] 7 (Shifting). 5,000. Ethnic population: 104,000 in the United States (1990 census).

Cocopa

[coc] 7 (Shifting). 150 in United States (Golla 2007). 6 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 700 (Golla 2007).

French, Cajun

[frc] 7 (Shifting). 25,600 (2010 census), decreasing.

Gwich’in

[gwi] 7 (Shifting). 300 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Krauss 2007).

Hidatsa

[hid] 7 (Shifting). 200 (Golla 2007). 6 monolinguals. 25–50 semifluent speakers. Ethnic population: 1,200 (1986 SIL); 603 (2000 census).

Koasati

[cku] 7 (Shifting). 200 (2000 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 220 (2000 census).

Louisiana Creole French

[lou] 7 (Shifting). 70,000 (Neumann-Holzschuh 1985). Ethnic population: 4,000,000 (1997 M. Melançon).

Malecite-Passamaquoddy

[pqm] 7 (Shifting). 100 in United States (Golla 2007), decreasing. 960 Passamaquoddy (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,500 to 3,000 (1997 K. Teeter).

Maricopa

[mrc] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 160 in Arizona (2000 census). Ethnic population: 800 (Golla 2007).

Meskwaki

[sac] 7 (Shifting). 200 (2001 I. Goddard). 200 Mesquakie in Iowa, more than 50 Sac and Fox in central Oklahoma, a few Nemaha Sauks on the Kansas-Nebraska border (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 760 Fox (2000 census).

Michif

[crg] 7 (Shifting). 75 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. Population total all countries: 725.

Okanagan

[oka] 7 (Shifting). 400 in United States (Golla 2007). 400 on Colville Reservation, plus a few dozen elsewhere (Golla 2007).

Oneida

[one] 7 (Shifting). 12 in United States (Golla 2007). 6 monolinguals. No reliable estimates for number of speakers in New York state (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 11,000 at Green Bay, Wisconsin (Golla 2007).

Ottawa

[otw] 7 (Shifting). 10 monolinguals. 330 Ottawa, 5,070 Ojibwa in the United States (1990 census). Ethnic population: 8,350 Ojibwa, 559 Ottawa (2000 census); 20,000 (Ottawa and Chippewa) in the United States (1991 M. Kinkade).

Paiute, Northern

[pao] 7 (Shifting). 700 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Plus 400 semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1999 SIL).

Quechan

[yum] 7 (Shifting). 150 (Golla 2007). 360 Delta River Yuman and 400 Yuma (2000 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto).

Salish, Southern Puget Sound

[slh] 7 (Shifting). 210 (2010 census). 5 monolinguals. Census (2000) does not distinguish between Southern Puget Sound [slh] and Straits [str]. Ethnic population: 1,300 (2000 census).

Seneca

[see] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,240 (1997 W. Chafe): 900 (2000 census).

Shawnee

[sjw] 7 (Shifting). 200 (2002 B. Pearson), decreasing. 2,000 members of the Absentee Shawnee Tribe around Shawnee town (more than 100 speakers); 1,500 members of Eastern Shawnee Tribe in Ottawa County (a few elderly speakers). 8,000 members of the Loyal Shawnee in Cherokee region of Oklahoma around Whiteoak (fewer than 12 speakers) (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 11,500 (Golla 2007).

Tanana, Upper

[tau] 7 (Shifting). 100 in United States (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 110. Ethnic population: 300 in the United States (Golla 2007).

Tenino

[tqn] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL).

Tiwa, Northern

[twf] 7 (Shifting). 1,060 (Ichihashi-Nakayama, Yumitani, and Yamamoto 2007), decreasing. Picuris spoken by nearly all 230 members of the Picuris Pueblo. 800 Taos speakers out of 1,600 in the pueblo (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,830 (Golla 2007).

Tsimshian

[tsi] 7 (Shifting). 70 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,300 (Golla 2007).

Yupik, Pacific Gulf

[ems] 7 (Shifting). 300 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,900 (Golla 2007).

8a (Moribund)

Afro-Seminole Creole

[afs] 8a (Moribund).

Ahtena

[aht] 8a (Moribund). 80 (Golla 2007). 35 (2000 census): 10 in Alaska, 20 in Washington. Ethnic population: 500 (1995 M. Krauss).

Assiniboine

[asb] 8a (Moribund). 150 L1 speakers in both countries; 3,500 ethnic population for both countries (Golla 2007).

Caddo

[cad] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Golla 2007). No monolinguals (2000 B. Levy). Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census).

Cahuilla

[chl] 8a (Moribund). 35 (2009 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (Hinton 2007).

Cayuga

[cay] 8a (Moribund). 10 in United States (1991 M. Kinkade), decreasing. Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census).

Chickasaw

[cic] 8a (Moribund). 600 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000–37,000 (1999 Chickasaw Nation).

Columbia-Wenatchi

[col] 8a (Moribund). 40 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007). 25 Columbia speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 230 (2000 census).

Comanche

[com] 8a (Moribund). 100 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007).

Cree, Plains

[crk] 8a (Moribund). 100 in United States (2001 I. Goddard), decreasing. Ethnic population may include Chippewa [ciw]. Ethnic population: 1,560 (2000 census).

Degexit’an

[ing] 8a (Moribund). 40 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 280 (Golla 2007).

Halkomelem

[hur] 8a (Moribund). 25 in United States (1997 B. Galloway), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,270 (1997 B. Galloway).

Ho-Chunk

[win] 8a (Moribund). 250 (Golla 2007). 230 reported in 1997 (1997 V. Zeps). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1995 V. Zeps). 1,654 (2000 census).

Karok

[kyh] 8a (Moribund). 12 (Golla 2007). 30 have some L2 fluency (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2000 A. Yamamoto); 335 (2000 census).

Kashaya

[kju] 8a (Moribund). 45 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing.

Kiowa

[kio] 8a (Moribund). 400 (Golla 2007). 1,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (Golla 2007).

Koyukon

[koy] 8a (Moribund). 300 (Golla 2007). 300 (1995 M. Krauss); 100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,300 (Golla 2007).

Kumiai

[dih] 8a (Moribund). 150 in United States (Golla 2007).

Kuskokwim, Upper

[kuu] 8a (Moribund). 40 (Golla 2007). 3 households (1997). Ethnic population: 160 (Golla 2007).

Kutenai

[kut] 8a (Moribund). 6 in United States (2002), decreasing. Ethnic population: 360 (2000 census).

Makah

[myh] 8a (Moribund). 12 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,220 (2000 census).

Menominee

[mez] 8a (Moribund). 35 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 65 semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 800 (2000 census).

Mohave

[mov] 8a (Moribund). 100 (Golla 2007). 30 to 35 at Fort Mohave, 35 to 50 at Colorado River. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Golla 2007).

Mono

[mnr] 8a (Moribund). 37 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing. More than 20 speakers and 100 semispeakers of Western Mono. Under 30 speakers of Eastern Mono (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 Eastern Mono (Golla 2007).

Nez Perce

[nez] 8a (Moribund). 200 (1997 H. Aoki), decreasing. Spoken fluently only by a handful of elders on Nez Perce and Colville Reservations. 30–40 semispeakers, mostly in Idaho (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,700 (1997 H. Aoki); 612 (2000 census).

Omaha-Ponca

[oma] 8a (Moribund). 85 (Golla 2007). Fewer than 50 Omaha speakers, 35 Ponca speakers. Additional semispeakers of Omaha (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 365 Omaha and 160 Ponca (2000 census).

Plains Indian Sign Language

[psd] 8a (Moribund). No monolinguals. Mostly elderly hearing people and some deaf people.

Potawatomi

[pot] 8a (Moribund). 50 in United States (1995 Potawatomi Language Institute). 50 L1 speakers in the United States and Canada, most in the United States. Ethnic population: 25,000 (1997 L. Buszard-Welcher).

Tanacross

[tcb] 8a (Moribund). 60 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 220 (Golla 2007).

Tanaina

[tfn] 8a (Moribund). 75 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 900 (Golla 2007).

Tanana, Lower

[taa] 8a (Moribund). 15 (Krauss 2007). Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 2007).

Timbisha

[par] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Golla 2007). No monolinguals. No speakers who did not also learn English as children (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 100 (1998 J. McLaughlin).

Tlingit

[tli] 8a (Moribund). 500 in United States (Golla 2007), decreasing. Population total all countries: 630. Ethnic population: 10,000 in the United States (1995 M. Krauss).

Umatilla

[uma] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Golla 2007). 25 to 50 Umatilla and Walla Walla [waa] speakers together. Ethnic population: 120 (1977 SIL).

Walla Walla

[waa] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Golla 2007). 25–50 Walla Walla and Umatilla [uma] speakers together (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 700 (1977 SIL).

Yokuts

[yok] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Golla 2007). Wukchumne dialect: fewer than 10; Choinumne dialect: 6; Yowlumne dialect: 20–25 fluent and semispeakers; Chukchansi: a few semispeakers; Tachi dialect: a few speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2000 A. Yamamoto).

8b (Reintroduced)

Barbareño

[boi] 8b (Reintroduced). Last speaker died in 1965.

Catawba

[chc] 8b (Reintroduced). Ethnic population: 500 (1977 SIL).

Ohlone, Southern

[css] 8b (Reintroduced). No known L1 speakers.

Osage

[osa] 8b (Reintroduced). 10 (Golla 2007), increasing. Ethnic population: 11,000 (Golla 2007).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Achumawi

[acv] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000.

Apache, Kiowa

[apk] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL).

Arikara

[ari] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 94 (2000 census).

Chetco

[ctc] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Chafe 1962), decreasing. Ethnic population: possibly 100 (1977 SIL).

Chinook

[chh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 140 (2000 census).

Chinook Wawa

[chn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 640 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 120, including 30 in Oregon (2000 census).

Clallam

[clm] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: Several thousands (1997 T. Montler).

Coeur d’Alene

[crd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007). Ethnic population: 80 (2000 census).

Gros Ventre

[ats] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Golla 2007), decreasing. No fully fluent speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Golla 2007).

Haida, Northern

[hdn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 600 in the United States (1995 M. Krauss); 130 (Golla 2007).

Han

[haa] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 in United States (Golla 2007). Population total all countries: 19. Ethnic population: 50 (Golla 2007).

Hawai’i Pidgin Sign Language

[hps] 8b (Nearly extinct). A few users from about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard-of-hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser).

Holikachuk

[hoi] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 200 (Golla 2007).

Hupa

[hup] 8b (Nearly extinct). 8 (1998 J. Brook), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Hinton 2007).

Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille

[fla] 8b (Nearly extinct). 64 (2005 T. Pete), decreasing. 58 in Salish and Pend d’Oreille; 4 in Kalispel (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,800 (1997).

Kawaiisu

[xaw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2005 J. Turner). Ethnic population: 150 to 250 (2005 J. Turner).

Luiseño

[lui] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,500 (Golla 2007).

Lushootseed

[lut] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Watanabe and Sasama 2007), decreasing. Population evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. Ethnic population: 18,000 (Golla 2007).

Maidu, Northeast

[nmu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (1994 L. Hinton). Only a few semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 110 Mountain Maidu (2000 census).

Maidu, Northwest

[mjd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL).

Mandan

[mhq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 130 in the United States (2000 census).

Miwok, Central Sierra

[csm] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12. Eastern Central Sierra: 6, Western Central Sierra: 6 (1994 L. Hinton); 2000 census lists 50 Sierra Miwok which may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd]. Ethnic population: Possibly 5,000 all Miwok (2000 A. Yamamoto).

Miwok, Lake

[lmw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (1994 L. Hinton). 2–3 semispeakers only, not actively using language (Golla 2007).

Miwok, Southern Sierra

[skd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (1994 L. Hinton). 2000 census lists 50 Sierra Miwok which may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd].

Mokilese

[mkj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 450 in United States (2010 census).

Natchez

[ncz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (2011 H. Fields).

Nomlaki

[nol] 8b (Nearly extinct).

Onondaga

[ono] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 in United States (Golla 2007). 45 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,600 (Golla 2007).

Patwin

[pwi] 8b (Nearly extinct).

Pawnee

[paw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Golla 2007). 79 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,500 (Golla 2007).

Pomo, Central

[poo] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (1997 M. Mithun). Several speakers in the Hopland area and at Manchester and Point Areana on the coast (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,770 (1997 M. Mithun).

Pomo, Eastern

[peb] 8b (Nearly extinct). Speakers on the west side of Clear Lake (Golla 2007).

Pomo, Northern

[pej] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (Golla 2007). One elderly speaker at Sherwood Rancheria, near Willits (Golla 2007).

Pomo, Southern

[peq] 8b (Nearly extinct). Speakers in the Cloverdale and Geyserville areas.

Quapaw

[qua] 8b (Nearly extinct). 34 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census).

Salish, Straits

[str] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 in United States (Golla 2007). 5 speakers but mixed with other dialects and do not form a distinct speech community. No L1 speakers of Lummi (Golla 2007).

Skagit

[ska] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL).

Snohomish

[sno] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (1998 J. Brook). Ethnic population: 800 (1977 SIL).

Spokane

[spo] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (Golla 2007). A few semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL).

Tolowa

[tol] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (Golla 2007). One elderly semispeaker in 2001 but growing numbers of younger emerging speakers with limited competence (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto).

Tübatulabal

[tub] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 900 (Golla 2007).

Tuscarora

[tus] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,200 in the United States (1997 M. Mithun).

Wappo

[wao] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (Golla 2007). All speakers are elderly and none fully fluent (Golla 2007).

Wasco-Wishram

[wac] 8b (Nearly extinct). 58 (2010 census). 7 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 750 possibly (1977 SIL).

Washo

[was] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (1998 J. Brook). Several dozen fully fluent speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Golla 2007).

Wichita

[wic] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2008 B. Levy). Ethnic population: 2,100 (Golla 2007).

Yakama

[yak] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000 (1977 SIL).

Yuchi

[yuc] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Golla 2007).

Yurok

[yur] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (Golla 2007). A few dozen semispeakers and passive speakers, middle-aged or older (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,000 (Golla 2007).

9 (Dormant)

Abenaki, Eastern

[aaq] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 90 Abenaki in the United States (2000 census).

Abenaki, Western

[abe] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in United States.

Apache, Lipan

[apl] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Atsugewi

[atw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). 1,350 with Achumawi (2000 A. Yamamoto).

Chehalis, Lower

[cea] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Chehalis, Upper

[cjh] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 0 (2000 census); 200 (1977 SIL).

Chitimacha

[ctm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 300 (1977 SIL).

Coos

[csz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 150 (Golla 2007).

Cowlitz

[cow] 9 (Dormant). 110 (2010 census). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 200 (1990 M. Kinkade).

Cruzeño

[crz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Cupeño

[cup] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 700 (2000 A. Yamamoto); 20 (2000 census).

Esselen

[esq] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 80 (2000 A. Yamamoto).

Eyak

[eya] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 50 (1995 M. Krauss).

Ineseño

[inz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Iowa-Oto

[iow] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,150 (Golla 2007).

Kansa

[ksk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. No fluent speakers since the early 1980s; 12 people claim to know Kansa (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,700 (Golla 2007).

Kato

[ktw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s. A few have fragmentary memories of the language (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 92 (1982 SIL).

Kitsai

[kii] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 S. DeLancey).

Klamath-Modoc

[kla] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 6 adult L2 speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 census).

Lumbee

[lmz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1977 SIL).

Mattole

[mvb] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Miami

[mia] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1977 SIL).

Miwok, Coast

[csi] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Miwok, Northern Sierra

[nsq] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 2000 census lists 50 Sierra Miwok which may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd].

Miwok, Plains

[pmw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Mohegan-Pequot

[xpq] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 1,400 ethnic population of Mohegan-Pequot and Narragansett [xnt] (1977 SIL).

Nanticoke

[nnt] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 400 (1977 SIL).

Narragansett

[xnt] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 1,400 ethnic population of Narragansett and Mohegan-Pequot [xpq] (1977 SIL).

Nisenan

[nsz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Nooksack

[nok] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,600 (1997 B. Galloway).

Nottoway

[ntw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Obispeño

[obi] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Pomo, Northeastern

[pef] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker died in 1961. Ethnic population: 1 (Golla 2007).

Powhatan

[pim] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL).

Purisimeño

[puy] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Quileute

[qui] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1999 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: Fewer than 500 (Golla 2007).

Quinault

[qun] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1977 SIL).

Salinan

[sln] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: hundreds (1997 K. Turner).

Serrano

[ser] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Shasta

[sht] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 12 (1990 census).

Siuslaw

[sis] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 100 (Golla 2007).

Tonkawa

[tqw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: Fewer than 200 (Golla 2007).

Tunica

[tun] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Became extinct after 1950 (Golla 2007).

Twana

[twa] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL).

Unami

[unm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 2000 census lists 310 who use it at home. Ethnic population: 13,500 (1997 J. Rementer).

Ventureño

[veo] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Wampanoag

[wam] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2006).

Wintu

[wnw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Wiyot

[wiy] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 450 (2000 A. Yamamoto).

Wyandot

[wya] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in United States. Ethnic population: 3,600 (Golla 2007).

Yuki

[yuk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 A. Yamamoto).

10 (Extinct)

Chimariko

[cid] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. No ethnic group members left (1997 K. Turner).

Coquille

[coq] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Delaware, Pidgin

[dep] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Galice

[gce] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Kalapuya

[kyl] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Maidu, Valley

[vmv] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Molale

[mbe] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. Last speaker died in 1958 (Golla 2007).

Piscataway

[psy] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Pomo, Southeastern

[pom] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers. Last speaker died in the 1990s (Golla 2007).

Tillamook

[til] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Tututni

[tuu] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Wailaki

[wlk] 10 (Extinct). No remaining speakers.

Ethnologue

United States

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