Kaingang
PrintA language of Brazil
18,000 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 25,900.
São Paulo: north of Paranapena river on 3 reservations; Paraná: between Paranapena and Iguaçu rivers, 9 reservations; Santa Catarina: between Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers, 8 reservations; Rio Grande do Sul: south of the Uruguay river with the southeast dialect on 5 reservations east of Passo Fundo river, and the southwest dialect on 7 reservations; also east of Passo Fundo river and on the outskirts of important cities in Rio Grande do Sul. Scattered locations.
6b (Threatened).
Central Kaingang, Paraná Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang.
SOV
Growing interest in revitalization (2007). Language use varies: in some communities all speak Kaingang as L1, in others all speak Portuguese [por] as L1, or the majority is bilingual in Portuguese (Golla 2007).
Alternate names now only used in old documents. Glossonym: Bugre, also used for Xokleng [xok] and Mbyá Guaraní [gun].