Ethnologue > Web version > Endangered languages

Endangered languages

473 of the languages listed in the Ethnologue are classified as nearly extinct. They are classified in this way when "only a few elderly speakers are still living." The entries below give just the known population information. Click on "More information" to see the full entry for the language.

Africa (46 total)
The Americas (182 total)
Asia (84 total)
Europe (9 total)
The Pacific (152 total)

More about Endangered Languages

Africa

Cameroon

Baldemu. 4 (2003 SIL). More information.
Bikya. 1 (Breton 1986). More information.
Bishuo. 1 (Breton 1986). More information.
Bung. 3 (1995 B. Connell). More information.
Busuu. 8 (Breton 1986). More information.
Dama. 50. More information.
Luo. 1 (1995 B. Connell). More information.
Ndai. 5. More information.
Ngong. 2 (Dieu and Renaud 1983). More information.
Oblo. More information.
Pam. 30 (2003 SIL). More information.
Twendi. 30 (2000 B. Connell). Ethnic population: 1,000 or fewer (1991 SIL). More information.
Zumaya. 25 (1987 SIL). More information.

Central African Republic

Bodo. 15 (1996). More information.

Chad

Berakou. 2 (1995 D. Djarangar). More information.
Buso. 40 (Welmers 1971). More information.
Goundo. 30 (1998). More information.
Mabire. 3 (2001 SIL). More information.
Massalat. 10 (1991 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 29,836 (1993 census). More information.
Noy. 36 (1993 census). More information.

Ethiopia

Ongota. 8. Ethnic population: 89 (2000 M. Brenzinger). More information.

Guinea

Baga Koga. Ethnic population: 5,000. More information.
Baga Mboteni. Ethnic population: 4,893. More information.

Kenya

El Molo. 8 (1994 I. Larsen), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700 (2007 BTL). More information.
Omotik. 50 (1980). Ethnic population: 200 or more (2000). More information.
Yaaku. 50 (1983). Ethnic population: 250 (1983). More information.

Nigeria

Bassa-Kontagora. 10 (1987). Ethnic population: 30,000. More information.
Bete. 50 (1992). Ethnic population: 3,000. More information.
Fali of Baissa. Few left (Crozier and Blench 1992). More information.
Kiong. 100 (2004). Ethnic population: 569. More information.
Kudu-Camo. 42 (1990 M. Bross). More information.
Lere. Ethnic population: 16,328 (2000). More information.
Luri. 2 (2004 R. Blench). More information.
Njerep. 6 (2000 B. Connell). More information.
Odut. 20 (1980s, from 2000 R. Blench). More information.
Putai. 50. More information.
Sambe. 6 (Blench 2003). More information.
Shau. More information.
Sheni. 6 (2004 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 1,500. More information.
Somyev. 18 (2000 B. Connell). More information.
Yangkam. 100 (1996 R. Blench). More information.

Somalia

Boon. 59 (2000). More information.

South Africa

N|u. 12 (2005 Crawhall), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500 (1998 Nigel Crawhall, South African San Institute). More information.
Tsotsitaal. Had tens of thousands of primary users; hundreds of thousands of L2 users (Gilbert and Makhudu 1984). More information.
Xiri. 87 in South Africa (2000). Population total all countries: 187. More information.

Sudan

El Hugeirat. 50 (2007 SIL), decreasing. More information.

The Americas

Argentina

Ona. 2 (1991 W. Adelaar). More information.
Puelche. 5. More information.
Tehuelche. 4 (2000 W. Adelaar ). Ethnic population: 200 (Adelaar 2000). More information.
Vilela. 20 (1981 A. Buckwalter). More information.

Bolivia

Baure. 13 (Adelaar 2000). Ethnic population: 631 (Adelaar 2000). More information.
Itonama. 10 (2000 Crevels). Ethnic population: 5,090 (Adelaar 2000). More information.
Leco. 20 (2001 S. van de Kerke). Ethnic population: 80 (Adelaar 2000). More information.
Pacahuara. 17 (Adelaar 2000). Ethnic population: 18 (Adelaar 2000). More information.
Uru. 2 (Adelaar 2000). Ethnic population: 142 (Adelaar 2000). More information.

Brazil

Anambé. 7 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 132 (2000 ISA). More information.
Apiaká. 190 (2001 ISA). Ethnic population: 192 (2001 ISA). More information.
Arikapú. 6 (1998 SIL). More information.
Aruá. 12 (1990 YWAM). Ethnic population: 40 (2000 C. Jensen). More information.
Arutani. 17 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total all countries: 42. More information.
Avá-Canoeiro. 40 (1998 ISA). More information.
Cafundo Creole. 40 (1978 M. Gnerre). More information.
Guató. 40 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 382 (1993 SIL). More information.
Himarimã. 40. More information.
Jabutí. 5 (1990 YWAM). More information.
Júma. 4 (1998). There were 300 in 1940. More information.
Karahawyana. 40 (1995 SIL). More information.
Karipuna. 14 (2004 ISA). More information.
Katawixi. 10 (1986 SIL). More information.
Katukína. 1 (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 289 (2000 ISA). More information.
Kreye. 30 (1995 SIL). More information.
Kulina Pano. 32 (2007 SIL). More information.
Kuruáya. 10. Ethnic population: 115. More information.
Kwaza. 25 (SIL 2005). More information.
Lakondê. 1 (2007). More information.
Latundê. 20 (2007). More information.
Mapidian. 50 in Brazil (1986 Howard). More information.
Mondé. 30 (1995 AMTB). More information.
Ofayé. 15. Ethnic population: 62 (2005 ISA). More information.
Omagua. 156 (2000 ISA) may refer to the whole ethnic population. Ethnic population: 156. More information.
Oro Win. 5 (1996 SIL). Ethnic population: 55 (1998). More information.
Poyanáwa. 12 (1992). Ethnic population: 403 (1999 ISA). More information.
Puruborá. 2 (2002 SIL). More information.
Sabanês. 1 (2005 SIL). More information.
Sakirabiá. 23 (2005 ISA). Ethnic population: 70 (2000 SIL). More information.
Sikiana. 33 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total all countries: 48. More information.
Tawandê. More information.
Trumai. 100 (2006). Ethnic population: 120. More information.
Wayoró. 80 (2000 SIL). More information.
Xetá. 3 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 8. More information.
Xipaya. 2 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 595 (2002 ISA). More information.
Yawalapití. 7 (2005 Vogel). Ethnic population: 220. More information.

Canada

Abnaki, Western. 5 (2006 P. Tamburro). Some L1 speakers only passively retain the language and (or) are semi fluent. Ethnic population: 1,800 including Eastern Abnaki in USA (1982 SIL). More information.
Bella Coola. 20 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 700 (Kinkade 1991). More information.
Chinook Wawa. 83 in Canada (1962). Population total all countries: 100. More information.
Haida, Northern. 30 in Canada (Krauss 1995). Population of 270 reported in Canada Census 2001 may include Northern [hdn] and Southern [hax] Haida. Population total all countries: 45. Ethnic population: 1,100 in Canada (Krauss 1995). More information.
Haida, Southern. 10 (Krauss 1995). Population of 270 reported in Canada Census 2001 may include Northern [hdn] and Southern [hax] Haida. Ethnic population: 500 (Krauss 1995). More information.
Haisla. 25 (Kinkade 1991). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). More information.
Han. 7 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 300. More information.
Kutenai. 6 in Canada (2002 W. Poser). Population total all countries: 12. More information.
Maritime Sign Language. More information.
Munsee. 7 (Kinkade 1991). Ethnic population: 400 (Kinkade 1991). More information.
Salish, Straits. 20 in Canada (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 3,020 (2001 Census). More information.
Sarsi. 50 (Kinkade 1991). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL). More information.
Sechelt. 40 (1990 D. Kinkade). Ethnic population: 550 (1977 SIL). More information.
Sekani. 35 (1997 S. Hargus). Ethnic population: 600 (1982 SIL and 1997 S. Hargus). More information.
Squamish. 15 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 2,300. More information.
Tagish. 2 (Krauss 1995). Ethnic population: 400 possibly (Krauss 1995). More information.
Tahltan. 35 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 750 (1977 SIL). More information.
Tanana, Upper. 10 in Canada (Krauss 1995). Ethnic population: 40 (1995 M. Krauss). More information.
Tuscarora. 7 in Canada (Kinkade 1991). Population total all countries: 11. More information.

Chile

Qawasqar. 12 (2006). 10 in Puerto Edin. Ethnic population: 2,622. More information.
Yámana. 1 (2003). Ethnic population: 100 (2000 W. Adelaar). More information.

Colombia

Providencia Sign Language. 19. Known by most people on the Island including 19 born deaf out of 2,500 to 3,000 population (W. Washabaugh 1986). More information.
Tinigua. 2 (2000). Ethnic population: 2. More information.
Totoro. 4 (Arango and Sánchez 1998). Ethnic population: 4,130. More information.
Tunebo, Angosturas. 50. More information.

Costa Rica

Boruca. 5 (1986 SIL). 30 to 35 nonfluent speakers. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1991). More information.

Ecuador

Záparo. 1 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 M. R. Wise). More information.

El Salvador

Lenca. Ethnic population: 36,858 in El Salvador (1987). More information.
Pipil. 20 (1987). Ethnic population: 196,576 (1987). More information.

Guatemala

Itza’. 12 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,800 (2001). More information.

Guyana

Berbice Creole Dutch. 4 (1993 S. Kouwenberg). 15 with limited competence (Holm 1989). More information.
Mapidian. More information.
Mawayana. 50 (1986 C. Howard). More information.

Honduras

Lenca. Only a few in Honduras (Rivas 1993). Ethnic population: 100,000. More information.

Mexico

Chiapanec. 17 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 32. More information.
Kiliwa. 28 (1994 SIL). More information.
Matlatzinca, Atzingo. 75 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 642 (1990 census). More information.
Matlatzinca, San Francisco. Ethnic population: 1,167 (2000 WCD). More information.
Opata. 15. 11 in Distrito Federal, 4 in State of Mexico (1993 Instituto Nacional Indigenista). More information.
Zapotec, Asunción Mixtepec. 100 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 2,476 (1990 census). More information.
Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec. 59 (1994 SIL). More information.
Zoque, Tabasco. 40 (1971 A. García de León). Ethnic population: 367 (1960 census). More information.

Nicaragua

Rama. 24 (1989 J. Holm). Ethnic population: 900 (2000 C. Grinevald). More information.

Panama

San Miguel Creole French. 3 (1999 SIL). More information.

Peru

Arabela. 50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2002 SIL). More information.
Cahuarano. 5 (1976 SIL). More information.
Chamicuro. 2 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 10 to 20 (2000 W. Adelaar). More information.
Iñapari. 4 (1999 SIL). More information.
Iquito. 35 (2002 SIL), decreasing. 1 monolingual. Ethnic population: 500. More information.
Isconahua. 82 (2000). More information.
Muniche. 3 (1988 SIL). More information.
Omagua. 10 to 100 in Peru (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 627 (1976). More information.
Resígaro. 14 (1976 SIL). More information.
Taushiro. 1 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 20. More information.

Suriname

Akurio. 10 (2000 E. Carlin). Ethnic population: 50. More information.
Sikiana. 15 in Suriname (Carlin 2001). Ethnic population: 50. More information.

United States

Achumawi. 16 (2000 census). 8 nonfluent speakers (2000). Ethnic population: 1,000. More information.
Ahtena. 35 (2000 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500 (Krauss 1995). More information.
Apache, Kiowa. 18 (1990 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). More information.
Apache, Lipan. 2 (1981 R. Young). Ethnic population: 100 (1977 SIL). More information.
Arikara. 20 (1997 D. Parks), decreasing. Ethnic population: 94 (2000 census). More information.
Atsugewi. 3 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). 1,350 with Achumawi (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Caddo. 25 (1997 W. Chafe). No monolinguals (2000 Levy). Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census). More information.
Cahuilla. 14 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 15 (2000 census). More information.
Chetco. 5 (1962 W. Chafe), decreasing. Ethnic population: 100 possibly (1977 SIL). More information.
Chinook. 12 (1996), decreasing. Ethnic population: 140 (2000 census). More information.
Chinook Wawa. 17 in United States (1990 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 119 (2000 census). More information.
Clallam. 10 (1997 T. Montler), decreasing. Ethnic population: Several thousands (1997 T. Montler). More information.
Coeur d’Alene. 5 (1999 R. McDonald). Ethnic population: 800 (1977 SIL). More information.
Columbia-Wenatchi. 75 (1990 M. Kinkade). 39 Columbia speakers(1990 census). Ethnic population: 500 possibly (1977 SIL). More information.
Coos. 1 (1962 W. Chafe). Ethnic population: 250 (1977 SIL). More information.
Degexit’an. 25 (1997 S. Hargus), decreasing. Ethnic population: 250 to 300 (Krauss 1997); 19 (2000 census). More information.
Gros Ventre. 10 (1977 SIL), decreasing. Very few semispeakers in 2000 (2001 I. Goddard). Ethnic population: 80 (2000 census). More information.
Haida, Northern. 15 in United States (Krauss 1995). Ethnic population: 600 in the USA (Krauss 1995); 130 (2000 US census). More information.
Han. 7 in United States (Krauss 1995). Population total all countries: 14. Ethnic population: 40 (2000 census). More information.
Hawai’i Pidgin Sign Language. A few users from about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard-of-hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). More information.
Ho-Chunk. 11 (2004), decreasing. 230 reported in 1997 (1997 V. Zeps). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1995 V. Zeps). 822 enrolled in Nebraska (1968 BIA). More information.
Holikachuk. 12 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 200 (1995 M. Krauss). More information.
Hupa. 8 (1998 J. Brook), decreasing. Ethnic population: 223 (2000 census). More information.
Kalapuya. 1 (1962 W. Chafe). More information.
Kalispel-Pend D’oreille. 64 (2005 T. Pete), decreasing. 58 in Salish and Pend D’oreille; 4 in Kalispel (2000 US census). Ethnic population: 6,800 (1997). More information.
Kansa. 19 (1990 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 74 (2000 census). More information.
Karok. 10 (1997 W. Bright), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,900 (2000 A. Yamamoto); 335 (2000 census). More information.
Kashaya. 45 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing. More information.
Kawaiisu. 5 (2005 J. Turner). Ethnic population: 150–250 (2005 J. Turner). More information.
Klamath-Modoc. 1 (1998). Ethnic population: 165 (2000 census). More information.
Kuskokwim, Upper. 40 (1995 M. Krauss), decreasing. 3 households (1997). Ethnic population: 160 (1995 M. Krauss). More information.
Kutenai. 6 in United States, decreasing. Ethnic population: 359 (2000 census). More information.
Luiseño. 35 (2000 L. Hinton), decreasing. 39 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Lushootseed. 60 (1990 M. Kinkade), decreasing. Population evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1990 M. Kinkade). More information.
Maidu, Northeast. 2 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 110 (2000 census). More information.
Maidu, Northwest. 4 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). More information.
Mandan. 6 (1992 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 130 in USA (2000 census). More information.
Menominee. 39, decreasing. Ethnic population: 799 (2000 census). More information.
Miwok, Central Sierra. 12. 6 Eastern Central Sierra, 6 Western Central Sierra (1994 L. Hinton); Census (2000) lists 50 “Sierra Miwok” which may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd]. Ethnic population: Possibly 5,000 all Miwok (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Miwok, Lake. 2 (1994 L. Hinton). More information.
Miwok, Northern Sierra. 6 (1994 L. Hinton). US Census (2000) lists 50 “Sierra Miwok” which may include Central [csm] and Southern [skd]. More information.
Miwok, Plains. 1 (1962 H. Landar in Sebeok 1977). More information.
Miwok, Southern Sierra. 7 (1994 L. Hinton). Census (2000) lists 50 “Sierra Miwok” which may include Central [csm] and Northern [nsq]. More information.
Mono. 39 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing. 10 to 12 North Fork, 15 Auberry, 7 to 8 Big Sandy, 5 to 6 Dunlap, no Waksachi. Ethnic population: 600 (2000 A. Yamamoto); 103 (2000 US census). More information.
Nisenan. 1 (1994 L. Hinton). More information.
Osage. 5 (1992 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 15,000 (1997 C. Quintero); 249 (2000 US census). More information.
Pawnee. 20 (1997 J. Parks). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1997 J. Parks); 79 (2000 census). More information.
Pomo, Central. 4 (1997 M. Mithun). Ethnic population: 4,766 (1997 M. Mithun); 255 (2000 census). More information.
Pomo, Southeastern. 5 (1994 L. Hinton). More information.
Pomo, Southern. 1 (1994 L. Hinton). More information.
Quapaw. 34 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 159 (2000 census). More information.
Quileute. 10 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 300 (1977 SIL). More information.
Salish, Straits. More information.
Serrano. 1 (1994 C. Coker). More information.
Snohomish. 10 (1998 J. Brooke). Ethnic population: 800 (1977 SIL). More information.
Spokane. 50 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). More information.
Tanacross. 35 (1997 G. Holton). 3 in Healy Lake dialect, 32 in Mansfield-Ketchumstuck. Ethnic population: 120 (1997 G. Holton). More information.
Tanaina. 75 (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 900 (Krauss 1997); 40 (2000 census). More information.
Tanana, Lower. 30 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 380 (1995 M. Krauss). More information.
Tanana, Upper. 14 in United States (2000 census). Population total all countries: 24. Ethnic population: 300 in the USA (1995). More information.
Timbisha. 20. Ethnic population: 100 (1998 J. McLaughlin). More information.
Tolowa. 4 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Tübatulabal. 6. Ethnic population: 900 (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Tuscarora. 4 in United States (1997 M. Mithun). Ethnic population: 1,200 in the USA (1997 M. Mithun). More information.
Tututni. 10 (1962 W. Chafe). More information.
Umatilla. 50 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 120 (1977 SIL). More information.
Wasco-Wishram. 69 (1990 census). 7 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 750 possibly (1977 SIL). More information.
Washo. 10 (1998 J. Brooke). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Wichita. 1 (2008). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 D. Rood). More information.
Wintu. 5 (1997 A. Shepherd). 30 Nomlaki and 15 Wintun use it in the home(2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,244 (1997 A. Shepherd). More information.
Wyandot. 24. US Census (2000) counts those who use it in the home. Ethnic population: 3,200 (1997 B. Pearson). More information.
Yokuts. 25 (2000 census). US Census (2000) counts those who use the language in the home. All were Northern Foothill Yokuts speakers. Ethnic population: 2,500 (2000 A. Yamamoto). More information.
Yuchi. 50 (2000 census). US Census (2000) counts those who use the language in the home. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1977 SIL). More information.
Yurok. 12. US Census (2000) lists 279 who use the language in the home. Ethnic population: 3,000 to 4,500 possibly (1982 SIL). More information.

Venezuela

Arutani. 25 in Venezuela (2001 census). Ethnic population: 29 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). More information.
Mapoyo. 12 (2001 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 365. More information.
Pémono. 1 (2000 M. Muller). More information.
Sapé. 5 (1977 E. Migliazza). Ethnic population: 25 or fewer (1977 E. Migliazza). More information.
Sikiana. More information.
Yabarana. 35 (1977 E. Migliazza). More information.

Asia

Afghanistan

Tirahi. 100. Ethnic population: Possibly 5,000. More information.

Armenia

Lomavren. 50 in Armenia (2004). More information.

Cambodia

Samre. 50 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 200 (2000 D. Bradley). More information.

China

Ayizi. 50 (2007), decreasing. More information.

East Timor

Makuv’a. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 50. More information.

India

A-Pucikwar. 10 or less (Abbi 2006). 8–10 of total population of 53 individuals on Strait Island. More information.
Khamyang. 50 (2003 S. Morley). Ethnic population: Over 800. More information.
Nagarchal. More information.
Nefamese. Population unknown. May be replaced by Hindi. More information.
Ruga. More information.
Ullatan. Ethnic population: 16,741 (2001 census). More information.
Urali. More information.

Indonesia (Java and Bali)

Benkala Sign Language. 41 (2007 SIL). More information.

Indonesia (Kalimantan)

Lengilu. 4 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.

Indonesia (Maluku)

Amahai. 50 (1987 SIL). More information.
Emplawas. 250 (2007 SIL). More information.
Hoti. 10 (1987 SIL). More information.
Hulung. 10 (1991 SIL). More information.
Ibu. 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Ethnic population: 50 to 200 (1984). More information.
Kamarian. 10 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 in the village (1987 SIL). More information.
Kayeli. 3 (1995). Not used for 3 decades (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (1995). More information.
Loun. 20. More information.
Naka’ela. 5 (1985 SIL). More information.
Nusa Laut. 10. Ethnic population: 2,226 (1989 SIL). More information.
Paulohi. 50 (1982). More information.
Piru. 10 (1985 SIL). More information.
Salas. 50 (1989 SIL). More information.

Indonesia (Papua)

Burumakok. 40 (1994 Kroneman). More information.
Duriankere. 30 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 60. More information.
Dusner. 6 (1978 SIL). More information.
Kanum, Bädi. 10 (1996 M. Donohue). More information.
Kayupulau. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 573 (1978 SIL). More information.
Kehu. 25 (2002 SIL). More information.
Kembra. 20 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 50. More information.
Kwerisa. 32 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 130. More information.
Liki. 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320. More information.
Mander. 20 (1991 SIL). More information.
Mapia. 1. More information.
Masimasi. 10 (2005 SIL). More information.
Massep. 25 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 85. More information.
Mor. 25 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Morori. 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). More information.
Namla. 30 (2005 SIL). More information.
Saponi. 4 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Tandia. 2 (1991 SIL). More information.
Woria. 6 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.

Israel

Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. 20 (2004 H. Mutzafi). More information.
Yevanic. 35 in Israel. Population total all countries: 50. More information.

Japan

Ainu. 15 in Japan (1996 A. Vovin). Ethnic population: 15,000 in Japan. More information.

Laos

Arem. 20 in Laos. Ethnic population: 500 (1995). More information.

Malaysia (Peninsular)

Mintil. 40 (1975 SIL). More information.

Malaysia (Sarawak)

Punan Batu 1. 30 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Sian. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.

Nepal

Chukwa. 100 (Winter 1991). More information.
Kusunda. 7 (2005 SIL). 87 reported in 2001 census, living in Pyuthan, Dang and Tanahun. Ethnic population: 164. More information.
Lingkhim. 97 (2001 census). More information.
Pongyong. More information.
Saam. 23 (2001 census). More information.

Philippines

Agta, Alabat Island. 30 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 75. More information.
Agta, Isarog. 6 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1984 SIL). More information.
Arta. 15 (2000 S. Wurm). 12 in Villa Santiago, 1 in Villa Gracia, 3 or 4 in Nagtipunan (1992 L. Reid). Ethnic population: 150. More information.
Ata. 4 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Ayta, Sorsogon. 18 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 180. More information.
Ratagnon. 2 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 SIL). More information.

Russian Federation (Asia)

Aleut, Mednyj. 10 (Krauss 1995). More information.
Enets, Forest. 20. Of the 20 speakers, 15 are in Potapovo. Ethnic population: 198 with Tundra Enets (2002 census). More information.
Enets, Tundra. 10. Of the 10 speakers, 6 are in Vorontsovo and 3 in Karepovsk (Khanina and Shluinsky 2005: 4, 9). Ethnic population: 198 together with Forest Enets (2002 census). More information.
Karagas. 28 (2001). Ethnic population: 730 (1989 census). More information.
Ket. 190. Ethnic population: 1,494. More information.
Udihe. 230. Ethnic population: 1,657. More information.
Yugh. 2 or 3 (1991 G. Verner in Kibrik). Ethnic population: 19 (2002 Census). More information.
Yukaghir, Southern. 30 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 130 (1995 M. Krauss, 1989 census). More information.

Syria

Lomavren. More information.

Taiwan

Amis, Nataoran. 5 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Babuza. 4 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 35. More information.
Kanakanabu. 8 (2005 SIL). Ethnic population: 250 (UNESCO). More information.
Kavalan. 24 (2000 P. Li). Ethnic population: 200. More information.
Kulon-Pazeh. 1 (2000 P. Li). More information.
Saaroa. 6 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 300 (2000 UNESCO Red Book). More information.
Thao. 6 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 248 (1989). More information.

Thailand

Mok. 7 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.

Viet Nam

Arem. 20 in Viet Nam (Ferlus 1996). Population total all countries: 40. Ethnic population: 100 in Viet Nam (Ferlus 1996). More information.
Gelao, Red. 20. More information.
Gelao, White. 20 (2002 J. Edmondson). More information.

Europe

Greece

Romano-Greek. 30 (2000). More information.

Latvia

Liv. 15 (1995 V. Zeps). More information.

Norway

Saami, Pite. More information.

Poland

Wymysorys. 70 (2006). More information.

Russian Federation (Europe)

Saami, Ter. 10 (2004). Ethnic population: 100. More information.
Vod. 15 (1997). Ethnic population: 73. More information.

Sweden

Saami, Pite. 20 in Sweden (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 2,000 in Sweden (Krauss 1995). More information.
Saami, Ume. 20 (2000 T. Salminen). Probably no speakers in Norway. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Krauss 1995). More information.

Ukraine

Krimchak. More information.

The Pacific

Australia

Adnyamathanha. 130 (1996 census). More information.
Alawa. 18 (1991 M. Sharpe). There are 4 semi-speakers. More information.
Amarag. 5. More information.
Ami. 32 (Black 1983). More information.
Andegerebinha. 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Antakarinya. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Badimaya. 20 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). More information.
Bandjalang. 10 (1983 R. Dixon). More information.
Bandjigali. 1 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Bayungu. 6 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Bidyara. 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Burduna. 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Darling. 5. More information.
Dhalandji. 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Dhargari. 6 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Djamindjung. 30 (Schmidt 1991). More information.
Djingili. 10 (1997). More information.
Dyaabugay. 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Dyangadi. 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Dyirbal. 40 (1983 R. Dixon). More information.
Gadjerawang. 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Gagadu. 6 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Gamilaraay. 3 (1997 Coonabarabran Public School). More information.
Giyug. 2 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Gooniyandi. 100 (Schmidt 1991). More information.
Gudanji. 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Gugubera. 15 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 50 (Schmidt 1991). More information.
Guragone. 20 (Schmidt 1991). More information.
Gurdjar. 30 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Kanju. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Karadjeri. 12 (1991 SIL). More information.
Kayardild. Ethnic population: 150 (2000 N. Evans). More information.
Kokata. 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Kuku-Muminh. 31 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Kuku-Uwanh. 40 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Kumbainggar. 10 (2000). More information.
Kunbarlang. 75 (Black 1983). More information.
Kunggara. 10 (SIL). More information.
Kunjen. 20 (1991 B. Sommer). 40 with some knowledge. Ethnic population: 300 (1991 Bruce Sommer). More information.
Kurrama. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Kuuku-Ya’u. 21 (1996 census). More information.
Kwini. 50 (Black 1983). More information.
Lardil. 2 (2000 N. Evans). More information.
Madngele. 15 (Black 1983). More information.
Manda. 25 (Black 1983). More information.
Mangarayi. 50 (Black 1983). More information.
Mara. 15 (1991 M. Sharpe). More information.
Maranunggu. 15 (Black 1983). More information.
Margu. 1 (2000 N. Evans). More information.
Maridan. 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Maridjabin. 20 (Oates and Oates 1970). More information.
Marimanindji. 15 (Black 1983). More information.
Maringarr. 30 (Black 1983). More information.
Marithiel. 25 (Black 1983). More information.
Mariyedi. 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Marriammu. 5 (2006 A. Brown). More information.
Marti Ke. 3. Ethnic population: 100. More information.
Martuyhunira. 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Miriwung. 110 (1996 census). More information.
Mudbura. 120 (1996 census). More information.
Mullukmulluk. 9 (1988 SIL). More information.
Ngadjunmaya. 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Ngalkbun. 20 (2000 N. Evans). More information.
Ngarla. 8 (1991 SIL). 10 semispeakers. More information.
Ngarluma. 21 (1996 census). More information.
Nhanda. More information.
Nhuwala. 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Nijadali. 6 (1990 SIL). More information.
Nyamal. 20 (1991 SIL). More information.
Nyigina. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Nyunga. 170 (1996 census). More information.
Pakanha. 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Panytyima. 50 (1972 B. Geytenbeek). More information.
Pini. 10. More information.
Pinigura. 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Tyaraity. 10 (Black 1983). More information.
Wadjiginy. 12 (1988 SIL). More information.
Wageman. 10 (2000). More information.
Wajarri. 50 (1981 W. Douglas). Ethnic population: 200 or fewer (1981 W. Douglas). More information.
Wambaya. 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa. 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Wanman. 20 (1973 SIL). More information.
Wardaman. 50 (Black 1983). More information.
Warlmanpa. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Warrgamay. 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Wik-Iiyanh. 40 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Wik-Me’anha. 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Wikngenchera. 50 (Oates and Oates 1970). More information.
Wirangu. 2 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Worora. 20 (Schmidt 1991). More information.
Wulna. 1 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Wunambal. 20 (Schmidt 1991). More information.
Yan-nhangu. 40 (Black 1983). More information.
Yawuru. 30 (2001 K. Hosokawa). More information.
Yidiny. 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Yinggarda. 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). More information.
Yir Yoront. 15 (1991 B. Sommer). More information.

Micronesia

Nguluwan. 50 (Sakiyama 2000). More information.

New Caledonia

Arhâ. 35 (1996 census). More information.
Haeke. 100 (1982 SIL). More information.
Pwapwa. 16 (1996 census). More information.
Zire. 4 (1996 census). More information.

Palau

Tobian. 22 (1995 SIL). More information.

Papua New Guinea

Abaga. 5 (1994 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (1975 SIL). More information.
Abom. 15 (2002 SIL). More information.
Ari. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Bagupi. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 125. More information.
Bepour. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 125. More information.
Bilakura. 30 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Bulgebi. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 125. More information.
Dumun. 35 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Faita. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Gorovu. 15 (2000 S. Wurm), decreasing. More information.
Guramalum. 3 (1987 SIL). More information.
Gweda. 26 (2001 SIL). More information.
Kamasa. 7 (2003 SIL). More information.
Karawa. 63 (2003 SIL), decreasing. More information.
Kawacha. 12 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 40. More information.
Kowaki. 25 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Laua. 1 (1987 SIL). More information.
Magori. 100 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Mawak. 25 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Moere. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Mosimo. 50 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Mungkip. 12 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 670 (2006 SIL survey). More information.
Pei. 50 (2000 census). More information.
Puari. 35 (2003 SIL). More information.
Sene. 10 (1978 K. McElhanon). More information.
Susuami. 10 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Tenis. 30 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Turaka. 25 (2000 S. Wurm). More information.
Turumsa. 5 (2002 SIL). More information.
Unserdeutsch. 100 in Papua New Guinea. 15 in New Britain, a few scattered in Papua New Guinea; the rest southeast Queensland, Australia (1981 C. Volker). More information.
Yangum Gel. 45 (2000 census). More information.

Solomon Islands

Asumboa. 10 (1999 SIL). More information.
Laghu. 15 (1999 SIL). More information.
Oroha. 38 (1999 SIL). More information.
Rennellese Sign Language. More information.
Ririo. 79 (1999 SIL). More information.
Tanema. 4 (2007 A. Francois). More information.
Tanibili. 15 (1999 SIL). More information.
Vano. 5 (2007 A. Francois). More information.
Zazao. 10 (1999 SIL). More information.

Vanuatu

Araki. 8. More information.
Bieria. 25 (Lynch and Crowley 2001). More information.
Dixon Reef. 50 (1982 SIL). Ethnic population: 60. More information.
Litzlitz. 15 (Lynch and Crowley 2001). More information.
Maragus. 15 (Lynch and Crowley 2001). More information.
Nasarian. 5 (Lynch and Crowley 2001). More information.
Sowa. 20 (Tryon 1971). Ethnic population: 30. More information.
Tambotalo. 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 70. More information.
Ura. 6 (1998 T. Crowley). More information.

This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as:
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.

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16th edition