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Languages of Australia

See language maps.
[See also SIL publications on the languages of Australia.]

Commonwealth of Australia. 20,310,000. 170,000 are of Aboriginal descent, of whom 47,000 have some knowledge of an Aboriginal language. National or official language: English. Cocos Islands (569 in 1981), Christmas Island (3,000 in 1983), Norfolk Island (1,800 in 1985). Literacy rate: 99%. Immigrant languages: Adyghe, Afrikaans (12,700), Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (30,000), Basque, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Eastern Yiddish, Estonian (5,600), Fijian Hindustani, Greek (107,000), Hebrew, Hmong Njua, Hungarian (5,760), Indo-Portuguese, Italian (500,000), Japanese (12,000), Korean (37,000), Lao, Latvian (25,000), Lithuanian (10,000), Maltese, Mambae, Mandaic, Northern Kurdish (11,000), Northern Uzbek, Nung, Piemontese, Polish (13,800), Pukapuka (140), Romanian (7,400), Scottish Gaelic, Senaya, Serbian (38,800), Slovene, Spanish (78,000), Standard German (135,000), Sylheti, Tai Dam, Tongan, Traveller Scottish, Turkish (40,000), Turoyo (2,000), Unserdeutsch, Uyghur, Vietnamese (35,000), Western Cham, Western Farsi (11,000), Yue Chinese. Also includes Malay, Arabic (250,000), Chinese (190,000), many languages of Europe. Information mainly from P. Black 1983; J. Hudson 1987; W. and L. Oates 1970; A. Schmidt 1990; B. Waters 1989; S. Wurm and S. Hattori 1981. Blind population: 28,000. Deaf population: Estimated to be 9,000 to 1,096,008 (1998). Deaf institutions: 116. The number of individual languages listed for Australia is 274. Of those, 161 are living languages, 2 are second languages without mother-tongue speakers, and 111 have no known speakers.

Adnyamathanha	[adt] 130 (1996 census). Southern Australia, Flinders Ranges area, Nepabunna. Alternate names: Ad’n’amadana, Adynyamathanha, Anjimatana, Anjiwatana, Archualda, Benbakanjamata, Binbarnja, Gadjnjamada, Jandali, Kanjimata, Keydnjmarda, Mardala, Nimalda, Nuralda, Umbertana, Unyamootha, Wailbi, Wailpi, Waljbi, Wipie. Dialects: Related to Guyani [gvy], Banggarla [bjb], Nugunu [nnv], Narungga [nnr], which may have no remaining speakers. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura Nearly extinct. More information.
Aghu Tharnggalu	[ggr] Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura. Alternate names: Ikarranggali, Kuku-Mini. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama More information.
Alawa	[alh] 18 (1991 M. Sharpe). There are 4 semi-speakers. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Roper River. Alternate names: Kallana, Leealowa. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Alawic Nearly extinct. More information.
Alngith	[aid] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula just north of Weipa. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama More information.
Alyawarr	[aly] 1,450 (1996 census). Northern Territory and Queensland, Sandover and Tennant Creek areas. Alternate names: Aljawara, Alyawarra, Alyawarre, Iliaura, Yowera. Dialects: Related to Western Arrarnte [are], Anmatyerre [amx], Kaytetye [gbb]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic More information.
Amarag	[amg] 5. Northern Territory, Oenpelli, Goulburn Island. Alternate names: Amurag, Wureidbug. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Amaragic Nearly extinct. More information.
Ami	[amy] 32 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Coast along Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Ame, Amijangal. Dialects: May be intelligible with Wadjiginy [wdj]. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct. More information.
Andegerebinha	[adg] 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northern Territory, Hay River, Pituri Creek area, east of Alyawarra. Alternate names: Andigibinha, Antekerrepinhe. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic Nearly extinct. More information.
Angloromani	[rme] 5,000 in Australia (1985). Alternate names: English Romani, Pogadi Chib, Romanichal. Classification: Mixed language, English-Romani More information.
Anindilyakwa	[aoi] 1,240 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Groote Eylandt, Gulf of Carpenteria. Alternate names: Andiljangwa, Andilyaugwa, Aninhdhilyagwa, Enindhilyagwa, Enindiljaugwa, Groote Eylandt, Ingura, Wanindilyaugwa. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa More information.
Anmatyerre	[amx] 1,220 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Mt. Allen, Northwest Alice Springs region. Alternate names: Anmatjirra, Anmatyerr. Dialects: Eastern Anmatyerre, Western Anmatyerre (Kalenthelkwe, Kelenthwelkere, Kelentheyewelrere). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic More information.
Antakarinya	[ant] 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Southern Australia, Northeast area. Alternate names: Andagarinya. Dialects: Most similar to Warnman [wbt]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct. More information.
Arabana	[ard] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Southern Australia, west side Lake Eyre to Stuart Range, Maree, Port Augusta. Alternate names: Arabunna. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku More information.
Areba	[aea] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, southwest Cape York Peninsula, Bilbert River, northeast of Normanton. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama More information.
Arrarnta, Western	[are] 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northern Territory, Alice Springs area, Hermannsburg. Alternate names: Aranda, Arunta. Dialects: Western Aranda, Akerre (Akara), Southern Aranda. Similar to Alyawarr [aly], Kaytetye [gbb]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic More information.
Arrernte, Eastern	[aer] 3,820 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Alice Springs area (Mparntwe), Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte), Alcoota, Harts Range (Artetyerre), Bonya (Uthipe Atherre), Amoonguna (Amwengkwerne). Alternate names: Arunta, Eastern Aranda. Dialects: Mparntwe Arrernte, Ikngerripenhe, Akarre, Antekerrepenh. Related to Alyawarr [aly], Western Arrarnta [are], Anmatyerre [amx], Kaytetye [gbb]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic More information.
Atampaya	[amz] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, extreme north Cape York Peninsula, Eliot Creek. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama More information.
Australian Aborigines Sign Language	[asw] Southern Australia, central, and west desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some north coast islands, west side of Cape York Peninsula, islands of Torres Strait. Dialects: Not related to Australian Sign Language [asf]. Classification: Deaf Sign language More information.
Australian Sign Language	[asf] 14,000. Alternate names: Auslan. Dialects: Related to British Sign Language [bfi], with influences also from Irish [isg] and American sign languages [ase]. Classification: Deaf sign language More information.
Awabakal	[awk] Extinct. New South Wales, Lake Macquarie, south from Newcastle. Alternate names: Awabagal. Dialects: Awabagal, Cameeragal, Wonarua. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Worimi More information.
Ayabadhu	[ayd] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of Coleman River, south of Coen. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Badimaya	[bia] 20 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Western Australia, northeast of Moora to south of Cue; east to Paynes Find; west to Mullewa. Alternate names: Parti-Maya, Widimaya. Dialects: Related to Wajarri [wbv]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wadjari Nearly extinct. More information.
Bandjalang	[bdy] 10 (1983 R. Dixon). New South Wales, northeast, Woodenbong. Alternate names: Bandjelang, Bogganger, Bundala, Gidabal, Yugumbe. Dialects: Gidabal (Gidhabal), Yugumbir. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bandjalangic Nearly extinct. More information.
Bandjigali	[bjd] 1 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). New South Wales, northwest, north, and west of White Cliffs. Alternate names: Baarrundji, Barindji, Marrawarra, Maruara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Baagandji Nearly extinct. More information.
Banggarla	[bjb] Extinct. Southern Australia, Port Lincoln to Spencer Gulf head. Alternate names: Bahanga-La, Bangala, Banggala, Barngarla, Bungeha, Bungela, Kortabina, Pakarla, Pangkala, Pankalla, Parnkala, Parnkalla, Punkalla. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura More information.
Bardi	[bcj] 380 (1996 census). Includes 16 Bardi dialect, 3 Jawi dialect. Western Australia, Western Kimberley region, One Arm Point Aboriginal Community, Lombadina Aboriginal Community, Broome, Derby. Alternate names: Baadi, Baardi, Badi, Bard. Dialects: Bardi, Jawi. Intelligibility adequate between Bardi and Jawi dialects. Related to Nyikina [nyh], Warrwa [wwr], Djawi [djw], Nimanbur [nmp], Nyulnyul [nyv], Dyaberdyaber [dyb], Dyugun [dyd], Yawuru [ywr]. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
Barrow Point	[bpt] Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Barrow Point on Princess Charlotte Bay and inland. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Guugu-Yimidhirr More information.
Bayali	[bjy] Extinct. Queensland, Fitzroy River mouth inland to Boomer Range at Marlborough, Yeppon, Yamba, and Rockhampton. Alternate names: Biyali, Charumbul, Darambal, Darawal, Darumbal, Kooinmarburra, Kuinmurbara, Ningebal, Orambul, Tarumbal, Tharumbal, Urambal, Warabal, Yetimarala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Kingkel More information.
Bayungu	[bxj] 6 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, lower Lyndon and Minilya rivers, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Baiong, Baiung, Bajungu, Biong, Giong, Mulgarnoo, Pajungu, Payungu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Kanyara Nearly extinct. More information.
Bidyara	[bym] 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, between Tambo and Augathella, Warrego and Langlo rivers. Alternate names: Bidjara, Bithara, Bitjara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct. More information.
Biri	[bzr] Extinct. Queensland southeast of Charters Towers. Alternate names: Wirri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin	[bpl] 40 speakers. Broome, Lombardinie, Beagle Bay, La Grange, One Arm Point, Derby. Alternate names: Broom Creole, Japanese Pidgin English, Koepang Talk, Malay Talk. Classification: Pidgin, Malay based More information.
Bunaba	[bck] 160 (1996 census). Western Australia, Fitzroy Crossing area. Alternate names: Bunuba, Punapa, Punuba. Classification: Australian, Bunaban More information.
Burarra	[bvr] 700 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Maningrida. Alternate names: Anbarra, Barera, Bawera, Burada, Bureda, Burera, Gidjingaliya Gujingalia, Gujalabiya, Gun-Guragone, Jikai, Tchikai. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran More information.
Burduna	[bxn] 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Henry and upper Lyndon rivers. Alternate names: Boordoona, Budina, Budoona, Buduna, Pinneegooroo, Poodena, Poordoona, Purduma, Purduna. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Kanyara Nearly extinct. More information.
Dagoman	[dgn] Extinct. Northern Territory. Dialects: Very similar to Wardaman [wrr]. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic More information.
Darling	[drl] 5. New South Wales, Darling River basin. Alternate names: Baagandji, Kula, Southern Baagandji. Dialects: Kula, Wiljakali (Wilyagali), Bagundji (Baagandji, Bagandji). Bagundji widely understood by others (Oates and Oates 1970). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Baagandji Nearly extinct. More information.
Dayi	[dax] 70 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Roper River, Yirrkala, Lake Evella, Galiwinku, Numbulwam. Alternate names: Dha’i, Dhay’yi. Dialects: Dhalwangu, Djarrwark. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal More information.
Dhalandji	[dhl] 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, Exmouth Gulf head inland to Ashburton River, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Dalandji, Dalendi, Djalendi, Talaindji, Talandi, Talandji, Talangee, Tallainga, Taloinga, Thalantji, Thalanyji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Dhalandji Nearly extinct. More information.
Dhangu	[dhg] 350 (Black 1983). 200 in Gaalpu, 150 in Wangurri. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Elcho Island. Alternate names: Dangu, Dhangu’mi, Djangu. Dialects: Dhangu-Djangu, Gaalpu (Kalbu), Wangurri, Ngaymil, Rirratjingu, Golumala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhangu More information.
Dhargari	[dhr] 6 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, Kennedy Range, upper Minilya and lower Lyons rivers, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Dal’gari, Targari, Tarkarri, Thargari, Tharrgari, Tharrkari. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Dhurga	[dhu] Extinct. New South Wales, Bermagui to Jervis Bay. Alternate names: Dhu’rga, Durga, Tharumba, Thoorga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin More information.
Dhuwal	[duj] 3,650 (1996 census). Includes 200 Djapu, 160 Liyagalawumirr (clan names). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Roper River. Alternate names: Dual, Duala, Wulamba. Dialects: Dhuwaya, Dhuwal, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, Marrakulu, Djapu, Liyagalawumirr, Datiwuy. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal More information.
Dieri	[dif] Extinct. Southern Australia, Leigh Creek. Alternate names: Diyari. Dialects: Related to Ngamini [nmv] which may have no remaining speakers. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna More information.
Dirari	[dit] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Southern Australia, east of Lake Eyre North. Alternate names: Dhirari. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna More information.
Djambarrpuyngu	[djr] 450 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Elcho Island. Alternate names: Djambarbwingu, Jambapuing, Jambapuingo. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal More information.
Djamindjung	[djd] 30 (Schmidt 1991). Northern Territory, Victoria River. Alternate names: Jaminjung. Dialects: Ngaliwuru (Ngaliwerra). Classification: Australian, Djamindjungan Nearly extinct. More information.
Djangun	[djf] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Mt. Mulligan south to Alma-den, east to Dimbula, west to Mungana. Alternate names: Adho-Adhom, Butju, Chungki, Chunkumberries, Chunkunburra, Jangun Djanggun, Koko-Mudju, Koko-Tyankun, Mutyu, Ngaigungo. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic More information.
Djauan	[djn] Northern Territory, Bamyili settlement, Katherine. Alternate names: Adowen, Jawan, Jawony, Jawoyn, Kumertuo. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Djauanic More information.
Djawi	[djw] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, islands from King Sound to Brunswick Bay. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
Djeebbana	[djj] 100. West Arnhem Land, Maningrida north coast area. Alternate names: Gunavidji, Ndjébbana. Dialects: Not closely related to other languages. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran More information.
Djinang	[dji] 120 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Ramingining, Goyder, and Blyth rivers. Alternate names: Jandijinung. Dialects: Djadiwitjibi, Mildjingi, Wulaki, Balurbi, Murrungun, Manyarring. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Djinang More information.
Djinba	[djb] 60 (Waters 1989). Includes 70 Ganalbingu (Black 1983). Dabi nearly extinct (1991 SIL). Northern Territory in Ngangalala, Arnhem Land, southeast adjoining Djinang area. Dialects: Ganalbingu, Dabi, Mandjalpingu. Lexical similarity: 60% with Djinang [dji]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Djinang More information.
Djingili	[jig] 10 (1997). Northern Territory, Elsey Station, Newcastle Waters, Ash Burton Range area, Elliott. Alternate names: Chingalee, Chunguloo, Djingila, Djingulu, Jingali, Jingulu, Lee, Tchingalee, Tjingilu. Classification: Australian, West Barkly Nearly extinct. More information.
Djiwarli	[djl] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, northwest, north of Mount Augustus. Alternate names: Djwarli, Thiin, Tjiwarli. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda More information.
Dyaabugay	[dyy] 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Barron River south of Mareeba to Kuranda, north to Port Douglas on a plateau. Alternate names: Bulum-Bulum, Check-Cull, Chewlie, Djabugai, Dyabugay, Hileman, Kikonjunkulu, Kodgotto, Koko-Tjumbundji, Kokonyungalo, Ngarlkajie, Orlow, Tjabakai-Thandji, Tjabogaijanji, Tjankir, Tjankun, Tjapukai, Tjapunkandji, Tjunbundji. Dialects: Njakali (Nyakali, Nyagali), Dyaabugay, Gulay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yidinic Nearly extinct. More information.
Dyaberdyaber	[dyb] Extinct. Western Australia, coast south of Beagle Bay and inland. Alternate names: Jabirr-Jabirr. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
Dyangadi	[dyn] 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). New South Wales, Kempsey area, Armidale, Macleay River. Alternate names: Boorkutti, Burgadi, Dainggati, Dangadi, Dangati, Danggadi, Danggetti, Djan-Gadi, Ghangatty, Tangetti, Thangatti, Thangatty. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyangadi Nearly extinct. More information.
Dyirbal	[dbl] 40 (1983 R. Dixon). Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to Herbert River headwaters to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa, and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. Alternate names: Djirubal. Dialects: Dyiru, Girramay (Keramai), Gulnguy (Gulngay), Mamu, Ngadjan (Ngatjan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic Nearly extinct. More information.
Dyugun	[dyd] Extinct. Western Australia, Broome coast area and inland. Alternate names: Jukun. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
English	[eng] 17,400,000 in Australia (2006). Dialects: Australian Standard English, Aboriginal English, Neo-Nyungar (Noonga, Noongar, Noogar). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English More information.
Erre	[err] Extinct. Northern Territory, Red Lily area west of Oenpelli; around East Alligator River, Mt. Howship. Alternate names: Ari, Ere. Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu More information.
Flinders Island	[fln] Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Flinders Island, Princess Charlotte Bay. Alternate names: Yalgawarra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Flinders Island More information.
Gadjerawang	[gdh] 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia and Northern Territory, north coast from Wyndham to mouth of Victoria River and inland. Alternate names: Gadjerong, Kajirrawung. Classification: Australian, Djeragan Nearly extinct. More information.
Gagadu	[gbu] 6 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northern Territory, Oenpelli. Alternate names: Abdedal, Abiddul, Gaagudju, Kakadu, Kakakta, Kakdju, Kakdjuan. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gagudjuan Nearly extinct. More information.
Gambera	[gma] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, Admiralty Gulf, far north Kimberleys area. Alternate names: Gamberre, Gambre, Gamgre, Guwan, Kambera. Classification: Australian, Wororan More information.
Gamilaraay	[kld] 3 (1997 Coonabarabran Public School). Central northern New South Wales along Barwon, Bundarra, Balonne rivers, Liverpool Plains and upper Hunter River. Alternate names: Camileroi, Gamilaroi, Kamilaroi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric Nearly extinct. More information.
Ganggalida	[gcd] Extinct. All Tangkic languages except Kayardild [gyd] have no remaining speakers. Queensland near Bourketown. Alternate names: Ganggalita, Jakula, Jugula, Kangkalita, Yokula, Yugulda, Yukala, Yukulta. Dialects: Kangkalita, Nguburindi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Tangic More information.
Gangulu	[gnl] Extinct. Queensland around Isaac River, west of Marlborough. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Garawa	[gbc] 110 (1996 census). May be 10 Wanji speakers (2000 N. Adams). Northern Territory, Borroloola; Queensland, Doomadgee. Waanyi originally in North Australia. Alternate names: Gaarwa, Garrwa, Karawa, Leearrawa, Garrawa. Dialects: Wanji (Wainyi, Waanyi). Classification: Australian, Garawan More information.
Garig-Ilgar	[ilg] Extinct. Last speaker died in 2003. Northern Territory, Mainland of Cobourg Peninsula, Port Essington area. Dialects: Ilgar, Garig. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic More information.
Giyug	[giy] 2 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Anson Bay, Peron Islands, southwest of Darwin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct. More information.
Gooniyandi	[gni] 100 (Schmidt 1991). Western Australia, Gogo, Fossil Downs, Louisa, and Margaret River stations. Alternate names: Gunian, Guniandi, Guniyan, Guniyandi, Guniyn, Konejandi, Koneyandi, Kunan, Kunian, Kuniyan. Classification: Australian, Bunaban Nearly extinct. More information.
Gudanji	[nji] 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northern Territory, Barkly Tableland, northeast of Lake Woods, Tennant Creek, Elliott, and Borroloola. Alternate names: Kurdanji, Ngarnga. Dialects: Binbinka, Ngarnga. Classification: Australian, West Barkly Nearly extinct. More information.
Gugadj	[ggd] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, north coast, west of Karumba inland on Norman River. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Flinders Pama More information.
Gugu Badhun	[gdc] Extinct. Queensland, west of Ingham and Abergowrie almost to Einasleigh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Gugu Warra	[wrw] Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, west bank of Normanby River. Alternate names: Guguwarra, Kuku-Wara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mbariman More information.
Gugubera	[kkp] 15 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 50 (Schmidt 1991). Queensland, Mission River mouth area, Mitchell River. Alternate names: Berang, Kok Kaber, Koko Bera, Koko Pera, Kukubera, Paperyn. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Coastal Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Guguyimidjir	[kky] 740 (1996 census). 200–300 know and understand. Ethnic population: 400 (Schmidt 1991). Queensland, Hopevale. Alternate names: Gugu Yimijir, Gugu-Yimidhirr, Guugu Yimithirr, Koko Imudji, Kukuyimidir, Guugu Yimidhirr. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Guugu-Yimidhirr More information.
Gumatj	[gnn] 300 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Yirrkala. Alternate names: Gomadj, Gumait, Gumaj. Dialects: Mangalili. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal More information.
Gungabula	[gyf] Extinct. Queensland, around Injune. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Gunwinggu	[gup] 1,410 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Oenpelli, Maningrida, Croker Island. Alternate names: Gunawitji, Gunwinjgu, Kunwinjku, Mayali. Dialects: Gumadir, Muralidban, Gunei, Gundjeipme, Naiali. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gunwinggic More information.
Gunya	[gyy] Extinct. Queensland, around Wyandra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Gupapuyngu	[guf] 450 (Black 1983). 500 use other Dhuwal varieties. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Milingimbi, Elcho Islands. Alternate names: Gobabingo, Gubabwingu. Dialects: Gupapuyngu, Madarrpa, Manggalili, Munyuku, Wubulkarra, Walangu. About 45 related dialects. Similar to Gumatj [gnn]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal More information.
Guragone	[gge] 20 (Schmidt 1991). Arnhem Land, south of Maningrida, Mann River area, northwest of Rembarunga [rmb], east of Gunwinyggu [gup]. Alternate names: Gorogone, Gun-Guragone, Gunagoragone, Gungorogone, Gurrgoni, Gurrogone, Gutjertabia. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran Nearly extinct. More information.
Gurdjar	[gdj] 30 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Queensland, Northeast side of Norman River, Normanton. Alternate names: Kurtjjar. Dialects: Speakers say similar to Kunggari [kgl]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Gureng Gureng	[gnr] Extinct. Queensland, southeast, Abercorn area, north Burnett River District. Alternate names: Gureng-Gureng, Gurreng Gurreng. Dialects: Gurreng Gurreng dialect uses the trilled ‘r’. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Than More information.
Gurinji	[gue] 540 (1996 census). 400 semispeakers. Northern Territory, Victoria River and Wave Hill, Kalkaringi. Alternate names: Gurindji, Wurlayi. Dialects: Malngin, Wanyjirra (Wandjirra). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin More information.
Guwamu	[gwu] Extinct. Queensland, between St. George, Moonie River, Surat, Maranoa River. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Guyani	[gvy] Extinct. South Australia, south Yorke Peninsula. Alternate names: Kijani, Kuyani, Kwiani. Dialects: Similar to Narungga [nnr]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura More information.
Iwaidja	[ibd] 150 (2000 N. Evans). Northern Territory, Croker Island. Alternate names: Eiwaja, Ibadjo, Iwaidji, Iwaydja, Jiwadja, Karadjee, Limba. Dialects: Iwaydja. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic More information.
Jaru	[ddj] 340 (1996 census). Western Australia, southeast Kimberley region, Halls Creek, Ringers Soak. Alternate names: Djaru, Jaroo, Tjaru, Wawari. Dialects: Nyininy, Djaru. Nyininy inherently intelligible with Jaru (Black 1983). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin More information.
Kala Lagaw Ya	[mwp] 930 (1996 census). Queensland, Western Torres Strait Islands, Mabuiag, Badu, Moa, Kubin, Saibai, Boigu, Dauan, Yam, Sue, Yorke, Coconut, Thursday, Bamaga Islands; Townsville. Alternate names: Kala Lagau Langgus, Kala Lagaw, Kala Yagaw Ya, Langus, Mabuiag, Yagar Yagar, Central Torres Strait. Dialects: Kalaw Kawaw. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kala Lagaw Ya More information.
Kalarko	[kba] Extinct. Western Australia, Fraser and Bremer ranges area. Alternate names: Galaagu, Kalaaku, Kalako, Kalakul, Malba, Malpa. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning More information.
Kalkutung	[ktg] Extinct. Queensland, Mt. Isa area. Alternate names: Galgadungu, Galgaduun, Kalkadoon, Kalkatungu, Kalkutungu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic More information.
Kamu	[xmu] Extinct. Northern Territory, south of Darwin, east of Daly River. Alternate names: Gamor. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Daly Proper More information.
Kanju	[kbe] 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Central Cape York. Alternate names: Gandanju, Gandju, Jabuda, Kaantyu, Kamdhue, Kandju, Kandyu, Kanyu, Karnu, Neogulada, Yaldiye-Ho. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Karadjeri	[gbd] 12 (1991 SIL). Western Australia, Roebuck Bay and inland, Broome, La Grange mission. Alternate names: Garadjiri, Garadyari, Gard’are, Guradjara, Karajarri, Karrajarri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Marngu Nearly extinct. More information.
Kariyarra	[vka] Extinct. Western Australia, south of Port Hedland. Alternate names: Gariera, Kariera, Kariyara, Karriara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda More information.
Kayardild	[gyd] Ethnic population: 150 (2000 N. Evans). Queensland, Bentinck Island, Gulf of Carpentaria. Alternate names: Gajadilt, Gajardild, Gayadilt, Gayardild, Gayardilt, Kaiadilt, Malununda. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Tangic Nearly extinct. More information.
Kaytetye	[gbb] 200 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, North of Alice Springs. Alternate names: Gaididj, Kaiditj, Kaititj. Dialects: Related to Alyawarr [aly]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic More information.
Kitja	[gia] 410 (1996 census). Western Australia, Near Hall’s Creek and Turkey Creek. Alternate names: Gidja, Kidja, Kija. Dialects: Most similar to Miriwung [mep]. Classification: Australian, Djeragan More information.
Kokata	[ktd] 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). South Australia, Pimba, Mt. Eba, Coober Peby. Alternate names: Gugada, Kokatha, Kokitta, Koocatho, Koogurda, Kugurda, Kukata, Madutara, Maduwonga, Wanggamadu, Wongamardu. Dialects: Different from Kukatja [kux]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct. More information.
Kriol	[rop] 10,000 (1991 B. Borneman). Western Australia, Northern Territory, Kimberley region, Roper River, Katherine areas, Ngukurr; Queensland, Gulf Country, Lower Cape York Peninsula. Alternate names: Roper-Bamyili Creole. Dialects: Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole [tes] are spreading and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific More information.
Kukatja	[kux] 580 (1996 census). Western Australia, Balgo, Lake Gregory and east, south of Halls Creek. Alternate names: Gugadja, Kukaja. Dialects: Different from Kokata [ktd]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Kuku-Mangk	[xmq] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Mangk. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Kuku-Mu’inh	[xmp] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Mu’inh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Kuku-Muminh	[xmh] 31 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu, Kugu-Muminh, Wik Muminh, Wik-Mumin. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Kuku-Ugbanh	[ugb] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, west coast Cape York Peninsula below Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Ugbanh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Kuku-Uwanh	[uwa] 40 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Uwanh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Kuku-Yalanji	[gvn] 240 (1996 census), increasing. Queensland,Wujal-Wujal, Bloomfield River (Ayton), Daintree and Mossman, between Cooktown and Mossman. Alternate names: Guguyalanji, Koko-Yalanji, Kuku-Yalangi. Dialects: Kuku-Nyungkul, Kuku-Biraji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic More information.
Kumbainggar	[kgs] 10 (2000). New South Wales, Grafton and north coast. Alternate names: Baanbay, Gambalamam, Gumbaingari, Gumbaynggir, Kumbaingeri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Gumbaynggiric Nearly extinct. More information.
Kunbarlang	[wlg] 75 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Oenpelli, Maningrida, and Goulburn Island. Alternate names: Gunbalang, Gunbarlang, Gungalang, Walang, Warlang. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gunwinggic Nearly extinct. More information.
Kungarakany	[ggk] Extinct. Northern Territory, Finniss River; south of Darwin, Darwin River and Rum Jungle area. Alternate names: Gunerakan, Gungaragan, Gungarakanj, Kangarraga, Kungarakan. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gungaraganyan More information.
Kunggara	[kvs] 10 (SIL). Queensland, Normanton, Delta. Alternate names: Goom-Gharra, Gunggara, Kunggera. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Kunggari	[kgl] Extinct. Queensland, Upper Nebine and Mungallala Creeks. Alternate names: Coongurri, Gungari, Gunggari, Ungorri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Kunjen	[kjn] 20 (1991 B. Sommer). 40 with some knowledge. Ethnic population: 300 (1991 Bruce Sommer). Queensland, Wrotham Park, Kowanyama, Edward River. Alternate names: Guguminjen, Kukumindjen. Dialects: Ulkulu, Oykangand (Olgol, Olgolo, Olgel, Ogondyan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Central Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Kurrama	[vku] 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, northwest, southeast of Pannawonica. Alternate names: Gurama, Karama, Korama, Kurama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Kuthant	[xut] Extinct. Queensland, southwest Cape York Peninsula, north of Karumba and Normanton. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama More information.
Kuuku-Ya’u	[kuy] 21 (1996 census). Queensland, northeastern Cape York Peninsula south of Temple Bay. Alternate names: Bagadji, Koko-Ja’o, Kokoyao, Pakadji, Ya’o, Gugu Yau. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Kwini	[gww] 50 (Black 1983). Western Australia, Kalumburu. Alternate names: Cuini, Gunin, Gwiini, Gwini, Kunan, Wunambal. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct. More information.
Lamu-Lamu	[lby] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Bamiga, and Coen. Alternate names: Lama-Lama, Lamalama, Lamulamul, Mba Rumbathama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Lamalamic More information.
Laragia	[lrg] Extinct. Northern Territory, Darwin area. Alternate names: Gulumirrgin, Laragiya, Larakia, Larakiya. Classification: Australian, Laragiyan More information.
Lardil	[lbz] 2 (2000 N. Evans). Queensland, Mornington Island. Alternate names: Kunana, Ladil, Laierdila, Lardill. Dialects: Related to Kayardild [gyd], Nyangga [nny], Ganggalida [gcd]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Lardil Nearly extinct. More information.
Leningitij	[lnj] Extinct. Queensland, Winduwinda area. Alternate names: Linngithig, Linngithigh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama More information.
Limilngan	[lmc] Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between Mary River and W. Alligator River, coast and inland. Alternate names: Manadja, Minitji. Classification: Australian, Limilngan-Wulna More information.
Madngele	[zml] 15 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, south of Darwin and Daly River, west bank of Muldiva River. Alternate names: Maangella, Madngela, Mandella, Matngala, Matngele, Muttangulla, Warat. Dialects: Related to Kamu [xmu]. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Daly Proper Nearly extinct. More information.
Malay, Cocos Islands	[coa] 1,000 in Australia. 495 in Cocos Islands (1987), 558 on Christmas Island (1987). Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island. Alternate names: Cocos, Kokos, Kukus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade More information.
Malgana	[vml] Extinct. Western Australia, Shark Bay, south of Wooramel River to near Hamelin Pool. Alternate names: Maldjana, Maljanna, Malkana. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Malgana More information.
Manangkari	[znk] Extinct. Northern Territory, Cobourg Peninsula. Dialects: Similar to Iwaidja [ibd]. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic More information.
Manda	[zma] 25 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, coast southwest of Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct. More information.
Mandandanyi	[zmk] Extinct. Queensland, Roma area, Maranoa River to near Miles and Wandoan. Alternate names: Mandandanjnjdji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Mangala	[mem] Extinct. Western Australia, southewest, Fitzroy, West Pilbara, Broome, Jurgurra Creek, Edgar Range. Alternate names: Djawali, Djuwali, Jiwali, Jiwarli, Koalgurdi, Manala, Mangalaa, Mangarla, Minala, Yalmbau. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mangala More information.
Mangarayi	[mpc] 50 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Mataranka and Elsey stations. Alternate names: Mangarai, Mangarrayi, Manggarai, Mungarai, Mungerry, Ngarrabadji. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Mangarayic Nearly extinct. More information.
Mangerr	[zme] Extinct. Arnhem Land, Oenpelli area. Alternate names: Giimbiyu, Mangerei, Mangeri, Mengerrdji, Mennagi. Dialects: Similar to Urningangg [urc]. Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu More information.
Mara	[mec] 15 (1991 M. Sharpe). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Roper River area. Alternate names: Leelalwarra, Leelawarra, Mala, Marra. Dialects: Related to Wandarang [wnd]. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Mara Nearly extinct. More information.
Maranunggu	[zmr] 15 (Black 1983). Southwest of Darwin, inland from Anson Bay, east of Manda. Alternate names: Emmi, Merranunggu, Warrgat. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct. More information.
Margany	[zmc] Extinct. Queensland, between Quilpie and Wyandra, Bulloo River and Paroo River. Alternate names: Marrganj. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Margu	[mhg] 1 (2000 N. Evans). Northern Territory, Croker Island. Alternate names: Ajokoot, Croker, Island, Jaako, Marrgu, Raffles Bay, Terrutong, Terutong, Yaako, Yako. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Margic Nearly extinct. More information.
Maridan	[zmd] 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Southwest of Darwin, north of Moyle River, east of Magadige. Alternate names: Meradan. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Maridjabin	[zmj] 20 (Oates and Oates 1970). Northern Territory, inland from Anson Bay, south of Mariyedi and Manda, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Maredyerbin, Maretyabin, Maridyerbin, Maritjabin. Dialects: May be intelligible with Marithiel [mfr] or Maringarr [zmt]. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Marimanindji	[zmm] 15 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, south of Darwin and Daly River, west of Muldiva River, near headwaters. Alternate names: Maramanandji, Maramarandji, Marimanindu, Marramaninjsji, Murinmanindji. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Maringarr	[zmt] 30 (Black 1983). Northern Territory south of Moyle River, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Marenggar, Maringa. Dialects: Maranunggu (Marranunga, Maramanunggu, Merranunggu, Warrgat). May be intelligible with other Bringen languages. Lexical similarity: 40% with Mullukmulluk [mpb] and Murrinh-Patha [mwf]. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Marithiel	[mfr] 25 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, south of Daly River and central Daly River; Daly River Mission, Bagot, Delissaville, Roper River Mission. Alternate names: Berringen, “Bringen” , “Brinken” , Maridhiel, Maridhiyel, Marithiyel, Marrithiyel. Dialects: Marithiel, Nganygit, Mare-Ammu (Mari-Ammu). Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Mariyedi	[zmy] 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Inland from Anson Bay, south of Manda, southwest of Darwin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Marriammu	[xru] 5 (2006 A. Brown). Northern Territory, Wadeye, Belyuen. Alternate names: Mareammu. Dialects: Similar to Maridjabin [zmj]. Classification: Australian, Daly, Marriammu Nearly extinct. More information.
Marti Ke	[zmg] 3. Ethnic population: 100. Northern Territory, Wadeye, coast south from Moyle River estuary to Port Keat, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Magadige, Magati Gair, Magati-Ge, Mati Ke. Dialects: Similar to Maringarr [zmt], Marithiel [mfr]. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct. More information.
Martu Wangka	[mpj] 720 (1991 SIL). 100 in Wankajunga (1991). Western Australia, Jigalong area, west side of Lake Disappointment, Great Sandy Desert. Alternate names: Mardo, Targudi. Dialects: Manyjilyjara (Mantjiltjara), Kartujarra (Kartutjara, Kardutjara, Kadaddjara, Kardutjarra, Kiadjara, Gardudjara, Gagudjara), Puditara (Budidjara, Putujara), Yulparitja (Yilparitja, Yulbaridja), Wangkajunga (Wangkajungka). Manyjilyjara and Kartujarra are 2 ethnic groups speaking almost identical dialects. High inherent intelligibility between the Yulparitja and Wangkajunga dialects. The Puditara dialect is extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Martuyhunira	[vma] 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, northwest coast southwest of Dampier and inland. Alternate names: Martuthunira. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Maung	[mph] 240 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Goulburn Island, Arnhem Land. Alternate names: Gun-Marung, Gunmarung, Mawung, Mawng. Dialects: Garig-Ilgar [ilg] reportedly related. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic More information.
Mayaguduna	[xmy] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Ruhlen 1987 and Wurm 2003). Queensland, near north coast, inland between Leichhardt and Flinders rivers. Alternate names: Mayi-Kutuna. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic More information.
Maykulan	[mnt] Extinct. Queensland, Canobie. Alternate names: Mayi-Kulan, Mayi-Thakurti, Mayi-Yapi, Wunamara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic More information.
Mbabaram	[vmb] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Alternate names: Mbara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southern Pama More information.
Mbara	[mvl] Extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Mbara More information.
Mbariman-Gudhinma	[zmv] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Princess Charlotte Bay southwest coast. Alternate names: Rimang-Gudinhma. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mbariman More information.
Meriam	[ulk] 320 (1996 census). Queensland, Murray Island, Eastern Torres Strait Islands. Alternate names: East Torres, Mer, Mir, Miriam, Miriam-Mir, Meriam Mir. Dialects: Boigu, Bulgai, Buglial, Tagota. Classification: Eastern Trans-Fly More information.
Miriwung	[mep] 110 (1996 census). Western Australia, Kununurra, Turkey Creek. Alternate names: Merong, Miriwoong, Miriwun, Mirung. Classification: Australian, Djeragan Nearly extinct. More information.
Miwa	[vmi] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, Drysdale River, far north Kimberleys area. Alternate names: Bagu. Classification: Australian, Wororan More information.
Mudbura	[mwd] 120 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Victoria River to Barkly Tablelands. Alternate names: Karranga, Mudburra, Pinkangama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin Nearly extinct. More information.
Mullukmulluk	[mpb] 9 (1988 SIL). Northern Territory, Daly River north bank. Alternate names: Malagmalag, Malak-Malak, Ngolak-Wonga, Nguluwongga. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Malagmalag Proper Nearly extinct. More information.
Muluridyi	[vmu] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Mitchell River headwaters to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville. Alternate names: Binjara, Kokomoloroij, Kokomoloroitji, Kookanoona, Molloroidyi, Mooloroiji, Mularitchee, Mullridgey, Mulurutji, Waluridji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic More information.
Murrinh-Patha	[mwf] 1,430 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Port Keats area, Wadeye. Alternate names: Garama, Murinbada, Murinbata. Dialects: Murrinhpatha, Murrinhkura, Murrinhdiminin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Murrinh-Patha More information.
Muruwari	[zmu] Extinct. Queensland and New South Wales from Bollon, Dirranbandi, Weilmoringle, Bourke, almost to Cunnamulla. Alternate names: Murawari, Muruwarri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Muruwaric More information.
Nakara	[nck] 75 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Maningrida, Arnhem Land, Goulburn Island. Alternate names: Kokori, Nagara, Nakkara. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran More information.
Nangikurrunggurr	[nam] 220 (1996 census). 40 Ngengiwumerri (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Mission, Tipperary Station, Flora and Daly rivers junction, Daly River. Alternate names: Nangikurunggurr, Ngangikarangurr, Ngankikurrunkurr, Ngenkikurrunggur. Dialects: Tyemeri (Moil, Ngankikurrunkurr), Ngenkiwumerri (Nangumiri, Nangiomeri, Angomerry, Marewumiri, Nangimera, Ngangomori), Ngangi-Tjemerri, Ngangi-Wumeri. Lexical similarity: 84% with the Ngengiwumerri dialect. Classification: Australian, Daly, Murrinh-Patha More information.
Narrinyeri	[nay] Extinct. South Australia. Alternate names: Ngarinyeri, Ngarrindjeri, Yaralde. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic More information.
Ngaanyatjarra	[ntj] 990 (1996 census). Western Australia, Warburton Ranges. Alternate names: Ngaanjatjarra, Ngaanyatjara, Nyanganyatjara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Ngadjunmaya	[nju] 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, Eyre’s Sand Patch, Goddard Creek to Port Malcolm, to Fraser Range, to Naretha and Point Culver, at Mount Andres, Russell Range, Balladonia, and Norseman. Alternate names: Badonjunga, Bardojunga, Ngadju, Ngadjumaja, Ngadjunmaia, Ngatju, Ngatjumay, Tchaakalaaga. Dialects: Related to Kalarko [kba]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning Nearly extinct. More information.
Ngalakan	[nig] Extinct. Northern Territory, Roper River area. Alternate names: Hongalla, Ngalangan, Ngalakgan. Dialects: Related to Ngalkbun [ngk], Rembarunga [rmb]. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Rembargic More information.
Ngalkbun	[ngk] 20 (2000 N. Evans). Northern Territory, Katherine area, Oenpell, Arnhem Land. Alternate names: Bouin, Boun, Buan, Buin, Buwan, Dalabon, Dangbon, Gundangbon, Nalabon, Ngalabon, Ngalkbon. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Ngalkbun Nearly extinct. More information.
Ngamini	[nmv] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). South Australia, Narburton Creekarea. Alternate names: Karangura, Yarluyandji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna More information.
Ngandi	[nid] Extinct. Northern Territory, Upper Wilton River. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa More information.
Nganyaywana	[nyx] Extinct. New South Wales, northeast, between Inverell, Ashford, and Glen Innes. Alternate names: Aniwan, Nganjaywana. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyangadi More information.
Ngarinman	[nbj] 170 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Victoria River around Jasper Creek. Alternate names: Airiman, Hainman, Ngaiman, Ngrarmun. Dialects: Bilinara (Pilinara). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin More information.
Ngarinyin	[ung] 82 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, Derby to King River, Kimberley. Alternate names: Ungarinjin, Ungarinyin. Dialects: Wilawila, Wolyamidi, Guwidj, Wurla (Worla, Worlaja, Wula, Ola, Walar, Wuladja, Wuladjangari). Classification: Australian, Wororan More information.
Ngarla	[nlr] 8 (1991 SIL). 10 semispeakers. Western Australia, Port Hedland area. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Ngarluma	[nrl] 21 (1996 census). Western Australia, northwest coast around Roebourne and inland. Alternate names: Gnalluma, Gnalouma, Ngallooma, Ngaluma. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Ngawun	[nxn] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, southwest of Croydon, between Flinders River and Norman River. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic More information.
Ngura	[nbx] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northwest New South Wales, southwest Queensland. Dialects: Punthamara (Bundhamara), Kalali (Galali, Garlali), Wongkumara (Wangkumara, Wangumarra), Badjiri, Bidjara, Dhiraila, Garandala, Mambangura, Mingbari, Ngurawarla, Yarumarra. Wurm and Hattori (1981) list the dialects as separate languages. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Ngura More information.
Ngurmbur	[nrx] Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between West and South Alligator rivers, northeast of Umbugarla. Alternate names: Gnormbur, Gnumbu, Koarnbut, Ngormbur, Ngumbur, Oormbur. Classification: Australian, Umbugarla-Ngumbur More information.
Nhanda	[nha] Western Australia, Shark Bay coast south to Kalbarri. Alternate names: Nanda, Nanta, Nhanta, Nubda, Nunta. Dialects: Bulinya. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yinggarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Nhuwala	[nhf] 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, northwest, Barrow and Monte Bello Islands and nearby coast. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Nijadali	[nad] 6 (1990 SIL). Western Australia, Marblebar, possibly Nulagine. Alternate names: Bailko, Balgu, Balygu, Jauna, Njijapali, Nyiyabali, Nyiypali, Paljgu, Palyku. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nijadali Nearly extinct. More information.
Nimanbur	[nmp] Extinct. Western Australia, southwest of King Sound, and inland. Alternate names: Nimanburru. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
Nugunu	[nnv] Extinct. South Australia, south of Gugada [ktd] to coast west to Fowler’s Bay and east to Streaky Bay, east Spencer Gulf. Alternate names: Doora, Njuguna, Nokunna, Noocoona, Nookoona, Nuguna, Nukana, Nukuna, Nukunnu, Nukunu, Pukunna, Tjura, Tyura, Wallaroo, Warra, Wongaidya. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura More information.
Nungali	[nug] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northern Territory, Upper Daly River area. Classification: Australian, Djamindjungan More information.
Nunggubuyu	[nuy] 360 (1996 census). 400 semispeakers or L2 only. Northern Territory, Numbulwar, east Arnhem Land. Alternate names: Nunggubuju, Wubuy, Yingkwira. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa More information.
Nyamal	[nly] 20 (1991 SIL). Western Australia, northwest, Bamboo Creek area, Marble Bar, Nullagine, to coast just east of Port Hedland. Alternate names: Gnamo, Namel, Njamal, Njamarl, Nyamel. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Nyangga	[nny] Extinct. Queensland, Gilbert River head, south of Forsayth to Gledswood, Gregory Range to Oak Park and Glenora; Northern Territory, coast east of Robinson River. Alternate names: Jang-Kala, Janga, Jangaa, Jangga, Njangga, Njanggala, Yangarella, Yanggal, Yangkaal, Yuckamurri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Tangic More information.
Nyangumarta	[nna] 260 (1996 census). Western Australia, Marble Bar, Port Hedlund, Tjalku Wara. Alternate names: Nyangumarda, Nyangumata. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Marngu More information.
Nyawaygi	[nyt] Extinct. Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to Herbert River headwaters, to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. Alternate names: Nawagi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic More information.
Nyigina	[nyh] 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, Lower Fitzroy River. Alternate names: Njigina, Nyikina. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct. More information.
Nyulnyul	[nyv] Extinct. Western Australia, West Kimberley, coast around Beagle Bay. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
Nyunga	[nys] 170 (1996 census). Southwest Australia. Alternate names: Neo-Nyunga, Nyungar. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar Nearly extinct. More information.
Pakanha	[pkn] 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, south of Coleman River. Alternate names: Bakanha. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Panytyima	[pnw] 50 (1972 B. Geytenbeek). Western Australia, northwest, east southeast of Tom Price. Alternate names: Bandjima, Banjima, Pandjima, Panjima, Panjtjima, Panyjima. Dialects: Related to Ngarla [nir], Tjurruru [tju] which may have no remaining speakers, and Nyamal [nly]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Pini	[pii] 10. Western Australia, Three Rivers. Alternate names: Bini, Birni, Piniritjara, Pirniritjara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct. More information.
Pinigura	[pnv] 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, northwest, inland on Duck Creek. Alternate names: Binigura, Pinikura. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Dhalandji Nearly extinct. More information.
Pintiini	[pti] 250 (Black 1983). Western Australia, north edge of Nullabor Plain from north of Hughes. Alternate names: Pindiini, Wangada, Wanggaji, Wangkatja, Wonga, Wongai-I, Wonggaii. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Pintupi-Luritja	[piu] 390 (1996 census). 90% monolingual. Western Australia, Northern Territory, Papunya settlement, Yuendumu and Kintore, Balgo Hills. Alternate names: Binddibu, Loridja, Pintubi, Pintupi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Pirlatapa	[bxi] Extinct. South Australia, Lake Blanche area, Lake Callabonn. Alternate names: Biladaba. Dialects: Similar to Dieri [dif]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna More information.
Pitcairn-Norfolk	[pih] Alternate names: Pitcairn English. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific More information.
Pitjantjatjara	[pjt] 2,120 (1996 census). 80% monolingual. Northwest South Australia, Pitjantjatjara Freehold lands, Yalata. Alternate names: Pitjantjara. Dialects: Yankunytjatjara, Pitjantjatjara (Pithantjatjarra). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Pitta Pitta	[pit] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Boulia. Alternate names: Bida-Bida, Bidhabidha, Pita Pita, Pitha-Pitha. Dialects: Related to Wanggamala [wnm]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku More information.
Rembarunga	[rmb] 69 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Roper River area, Maningrida and outstations, Katherine area. Alternate names: Kaltuy, Rainbargo, Rembarranga, Rembarrnga. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Rembargic More information.
Ritarungo	[rit] 94 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Eastern Arnhem Land (Rose River, Roper River). Alternate names: Ridarngo, Ridharrngu, Ritarnugu, Ritharngu, Ritharrngu, Wagelak, Wawilag. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal More information.
Thayore	[thd] 150 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (1982 A. Hall). Queensland, west Cape York, between Edward and Coleman rivers. Alternate names: Behran, Gugudayor, Kuktayor, Kukudayore, Kuuk Thaayoore, Kuuk Thaayorre, Taior, Thaayore, Thayorre. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Western Pama More information.
Thaypan	[typ] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, Coleman River. Alternate names: Kuku-Thaypan. Dialects: Related to Takalak. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama More information.
Thurawal	[tbh] Extinct. New South Wales, Port Hacking to Shoalhaven River. Alternate names: Dharawaal, Dharawal, Turrubul. Dialects: Wadiwadi (Wodiwodi). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin More information.
Tiwi	[tiw] 1,830 (1996 census). Nonfluent speakers. Northern Territory, Bathurst and Melville Islands, Nguiu. Classification: Australian, Tiwian More information.
Tjurruru	[tju] Extinct. Western Australia, northwest, Hardey River, southwest of Tom Price. Alternate names: Tjururu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda More information.
Torres Strait Creole	[tcs] 23,400 (Holm 1989). Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York, some towns on north Queensland east coast. Alternate names: Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, Torres Strait Broken, Torres Strait Pidgin, West Torres. Dialects: Ap-Ne-Ap, Modern Langus. Lexical similarity: 80% with English. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific More information.
Tyaraity	[woa] 10 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Delissaville. Originally near Reynold River mouth. Alternate names: Daktjerat, Djeradj, Djerag, Dyeraidy, Kuwema, Tjerait. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Malagmalag Proper Nearly extinct. More information.
Umbindhamu	[umd] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of Coen. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Umbindhamuic More information.
Umbugarla	[umr] Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, southeast of Limilngan, between Mary River and South Alligator River. Alternate names: Mbakarla. Classification: Australian, Umbugarla-Ngumbur More information.
Umbuygamu	[umg] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Princess Charlotte Bay east coast. Alternate names: Moroba-Lama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Lamalamic More information.
Umpila	[ump] 100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Cape Sidmouth north nearly to Night Island. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama More information.
Uradhi	[urf] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula, North Alice Creek. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama More information.
Urningangg	[urc] Extinct. Arnhem Land, northwest; upper reaches of Alligator River. Alternate names: Uningangk, Wuningak. Dialects: Similar to Mangerr [zme]. Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu More information.
Wadjiginy	[wdj] 12 (1988 SIL). Southwest of Darwin along coast and inland along Finniss River. Alternate names: Wagaydy, Wogaity. Dialects: Pungupungu (Kuwama, Patjtjamalh, Kandjerramal). Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct. More information.
Wadjigu	[wdu] Extinct. Queensland, southwest of Fairbairn Reservoir. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Wagaya	[wga] Extinct. Northern Territory, Avon Downs, Camooweal, Austral Downs, area north of Lake Nash. Alternate names: Leewakya, Ukkia, Waagai, Waagi, Wagai, Wagaja, Waggaia, Wakaja, Wakaya, Wakkaja, Warkya, Worgai, Worgaia, Workia. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa More information.
Wageman	[waq] 10 (2000). Northern Territory, South of Pine Creek, Tipperary Station, and Bagot. Alternate names: Wagiman, Wogeman. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Wagiman Nearly extinct. More information.
Wajarri	[wbv] 50 (1981 W. Douglas). Ethnic population: 200 or fewer (1981 W. Douglas). Western Australia, Mt. Magnet to Geraldton. Alternate names: Wadjari, Wadjeri, Watjari, Watjarri. Dialects: Related to Badimaya [bia]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wadjari Nearly extinct. More information.
Wakawaka	[wkw] Extinct. Nanango north to Mt. Perry, west to Boyne River; Queensland, Kingaroy, Murgon, and Gayndah. Alternate names: Enibura, Nukunukubara, Waga, Waga-Waga, Wagawaga, Wakka. Dialects: Duungidjawu, Wagawaga. Related to Wuliwuli [wlu]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Miyan More information.
Walmajarri	[wmt] 860 (1996 census). Western Australia, Fitzroy River valley area, Lake Gregory and La Grange. Alternate names: Pililuna, Walmajiri, Walmatjari, Walmatjiri, Wolmeri. Dialects: Djuwarliny (Juwaliny, Tjuwalinj). The western group speaks the Juwaliny dialect. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin More information.
Wambaya	[wmb] 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northern Territory, Barkly Tableland, Limmen Bight and McArthur rivers headwaters; east of Lake Woods. Alternate names: Umbaia, Wambaia, Wambaja, Wom-By-A, Wombya, Yumpia. Dialects: Wambaya, Binbinga (Binbinka), Gudandji. Black (1983) says dialects inherently intelligible. Classification: Australian, West Barkly Nearly extinct. More information.
Wamin	[wmi] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, south central Cape York Peninsula, Einasleigh River, northwest of Einasleigh. Alternate names: Agwamin. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southern Pama More information.
Wandarang	[wnd] Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Roper River area. Alternate names: Wandaran, Warndarang, Wuyarrawala. Dialects: Related to Mara [mec]. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Mara More information.
Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa	[wyb] 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). New South Wales, Darling River, Barwon River, Yanda Creek, Bogan River. Dialects: Wangaaybuwan (Wongaibon, Wombungee, Wongagibun, Wonghibon, Wonghi, Wonjhibon), Ngiyambaa (Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngiumba, Ngjamba, Ngumbarr), Wayilwan (Waljwan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric Nearly extinct. More information.
Wanggamala	[wnm] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northern Territory, Hay River, south of Andegerebinha. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku More information.
Wangganguru	[wgg] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northern Territory, southeast corner. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku More information.
Wanman	[wbt] 20 (1973 SIL). Western Australia, Marble Bar area, Nullagine Station, Strelley. Alternate names: Nanidjara, Nyaani, Warnman. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct. More information.
Waray	[wrz] Extinct. Northern Territory, Adelaide River area. Alternate names: Arwur, Awarai, Awarra, Warrai, Warray. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Warayan More information.
Wardaman	[wrr] 50 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, upper Daly River. Alternate names: Wadaman, Waderman, Waduman, Warda’man, Wardman, Warduman, Wartaman, Wordaman. Dialects: Similar to Yangman [jng] and Dagoman [dgn], which have no remaining speakers. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic Nearly extinct. More information.
Wariyangga	[wri] Extinct. Western Australia, southeast of Mount Augustus, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Warriyangka. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda More information.
Warlmanpa	[wrl] 50 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northern Territory, Mount Leichhardt area. Alternate names: Walmala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngarga Nearly extinct. More information.
Warlpiri	[wbp] 2,670 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Yuendumu, Ali Curung Willowra, Alice Springs, Katherine, Darwin, and Lajamanu. Alternate names: Elpira, Ilpara, Ngaliya, Ngardilpa, Wailbri, Walbiri, Walmama, Walpiri. Dialects: Related to Warlmanpa [wrl]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngarga More information.
Warluwara	[wrb] Extinct. Queensland, Roxborough Downs. Alternate names: Kapula, Maula, Mauula, Mawula, Parnkarra, Walookera, Walugera, Waluwara, Wollegara, Yunnalinka. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa More information.
Warrgamay	[wgy] 3 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, coast south of Hinchinbrook Island, and inland along Herbert River. Alternate names: Biyay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic Nearly extinct. More information.
Warrwa	[wwr] Extinct. Western Australia, West Kimberley, Derby region. Alternate names: Warrawai, Warwa. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan More information.
Warumungu	[wrm] 520 (1996 census). Northern Territory, Tennant Creek area. Alternate names: Warramunga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Warumungic More information.
Warungu	[wrg] Extinct. Queensland, northeast of Einasleigh. Alternate names: Gudjala, Gugu-Badhun, Warrungu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric More information.
Wikalkan	[wik] 86 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Aurukun. Alternate names: Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Ngatharra, Wik-Ngathrr, Wikngatara. Dialects: Wik-Ngandjara (Ngandjara), Ngadanja. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Wik-Epa	[wie] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Alternate names: Wik-Ep. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Wik-Iiyanh	[wij] 40 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, southwest of Coen. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Wik-Keyangan	[wif] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Wik-Me’anha	[wih] 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Alternate names: Wik-Em’an. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Wik-Mungkan	[wim] 840 (1996 census). Queensland, Edward River to Aurukun. Alternate names: Munkan, Wik-Mungkhn, Wik-Munkan. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Wik-Ngathana	[wig] 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, west coast below Aurukun. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama More information.
Wikngenchera	[wua] 50 (Oates and Oates 1970). Queensland, Aurukun. Alternate names: Nantjara, Ngandjara, Ngantjeri, Njinturawik-Nganhcara, Wik, Wik-Nantjara. Dialects: Related to Wikalkan [wik]. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct. More information.
Wilawila	[wil] Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, central Kimberleys. Alternate names: Wila-Wila. Classification: Australian, Wororan More information.
Wiradhuri	[wrh] Extinct. New South Wales, Murray River to Macquarie River, Lachlan River area from junction with Murrumbidgee River to Parkes. Alternate names: Berrembeel, Warandgeri, Werogery, Wiiratheri, Wira-Athoree, Wiradhurri, Wiradjuri, Wiraduri, Wiraidyuri, Wirajeree, Wirashuri, Wiratheri, Wirracharee, Wirrai’yarrai, Wooragurie, Wordjerg. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric More information.
Wirangu	[wiw] 2 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). South Australia, coast between head of Bight and Streaky Bay head, and inland to Ooldea region. Alternate names: Nhawu, Njangga, Nyangga, Warrangoo, Wirongu, Wironguwongga, Wirrung, Wirrunga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wirangu Nearly extinct. More information.
Worimi	[kda] Extinct. New South Wales, between Hunter and Hastings rivers, from Port Macquarie to Hawkesbury River. Alternate names: Birbay, Gadang, Gadhang, Gadjang, Kattang, Warimi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Worimi More information.
Worora	[unp] 20 (Schmidt 1991). Western Australia, Derby area, Collier Bay. Alternate names: Worrorra. Dialects: Worora, Unggumi. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct. More information.
Wuliwuli	[wlu] Extinct. Queensland, southwest, Dawson River, Baralaba, Banana, Theodore. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Miyan More information.
Wulna	[wux] 1 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Arnhem Land around Darwin, mouth of Adelaide River and inland. Classification: Australian, Limilngan-Wulna Nearly extinct. More information.
Wunambal	[wub] 20 (Schmidt 1991). Western Australia, Kalumburu, Wyndham and Mowanjum. Alternate names: Jeidji, Jeithi, Unambal, Wumnabal, Wunambullu, Yeidji, Yeithi. Dialects: Wunambal, Gambera, Miwa. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct. More information.
Wurrugu	[wur] Extinct. Northern Territory, Cobourg Peninsula. Dialects: Similar to Iwaidja [ibd]. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic More information.
Yalarnnga	[ylr] Extinct. Queensland, Burke River area, Dajarra. Alternate names: Jalanga, Yalarrnga, Yelina, Yellanga, Yellunga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic More information.
Yandruwandha	[ynd] Extinct. South Australia Moomba area, and east into Queensland. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna More information.
Yangman	[jng] No known speakers. Ethnic population: 50 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Elsey Creek and Katherine. Alternate names: Dagoman, Jungman. Dialects: Very similar to Wardaman [wrr]. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic More information.
Yankunytjatjara	[kdd] 73 (1996 census). South Australia, Yalata, Musgrave, and Everard Ranges, and east Pitjantjatjara freehold lands and surrounding areas. Alternate names: Jangkundjara, Kulpantja, Yankunjtjatjarra, Yankuntatjara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati More information.
Yan-nhangu	[jay] 40 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, 2 of westernmost Crocodile Islands, adjacent to Cape Stewart, Maningrida and Milingimbi. Alternate names: Jarnango, Nangu, Yanangu. Dialects: Garmalangga, Gurjindi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhangu Nearly extinct. More information.
Yanyuwa	[jao] 52 (1996 census). Ethnic population: 113 (2000 WCD). Queensland, Borroloola, Northern Territory, Doomadgee. Alternate names: Aniula, Anula, Anyula, Janjula, Leeanuwa, Wadiri, Yanula, Yanyula. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yanyuwan More information.
Yawarawarga	[yww] Extinct. South Australia and Queensland, north of Cooper Creek, southeast of Lake Yamma Yamma. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna More information.
Yawuru	[ywr] 30 (2001 K. Hosokawa). Western Australia, coast south of Broome and inland. Alternate names: Jaudjibara, Jawadjag, Jawdjibaia, Jawdjibara, Winjawindjagu, Yaudijbaia, Yaudjibara, Yawjibara. Dialects: Northern Yawuru, Southern Coastal Yawuru, Eastern Inland Yawuru. Related to Nyigina [nyh], Warrwa [wwr], Nimanbur [nmp], Dyaberdyaber [dyb], Nyulnyul [nyv], Bardi [bcj]. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct. More information.
Yidiny	[yii] 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Queensland, formerly Atherton region. A few at Palm Island Babinda, north to Gordonvale. Alternate names: Boolboora, Deba, Eneby, Gerrah, Gijow, Gillah, Guwamal, Idin Idindji, Idin-Wudjar, Idinji, Indindji, Jidindji, Kitba, Maimbie, Mungera Ohalo, Pegullo-Bura, Warra-Warra, Warryboora, Woggil, Yetinji, Yiddinji, Yidin, Yidindji, Yidini, Yitintyi, Yukkaburra. Dialects: Gunggay, Yidiny, Madyay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yidinic Nearly extinct. More information.
Yindjibarndi	[yij] 330 (1996 census). Western Australia, Roebourne area. Alternate names: Jindjibandi, Yinjtjipartnti. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda More information.
Yindjilandji	[yil] Extinct. Northern Territory, northeast of Wonarah. Alternate names: Bularnu, Dhidhanu, Injdjiladji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa More information.
Yinggarda	[yia] 5 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Western Australia, Shark Bay coast between Gascoyne and Wooramel rivers, inland to Red Hill, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Ingara, Ingarda, Ingarra, Ingarrah, Inggarda, Inparra, Jinggarda, Kakarakala, Yingkarta. Dialects: Related to Malgana [vml] which has no remaining speakers. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yinggarda Nearly extinct. More information.
Yir Yoront	[yiy] 15 (1991 B. Sommer). Queensland, west central Cape York Peninsula, just southeast of Edward River. Alternate names: Gwandera, Jir Joront, Kokomindjen, Mandjoen, Millera, Mind’jana, Mundjun, Myunduno, Yir Yiront. Dialects: Dangedl (Dhanu’un, Djudjan, Dudjym), Gorminang, Jir’jorond (Jirmel Mel-Jir, Ngamba’wandh, Yirmel, Yirtangettle, Yir Thangedl, Yirtutiym). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Yir Yoront Nearly extinct. More information.
Yugambal	[yub] Extinct. Queensland, Logan and Albert River basins from Jimboomba to MacPherson Range. Alternate names: Jugumbir, Jukamba, Manaldjali, Minjanbal, Ngarrbal, Ngarrubul, Yugabeh, Yugambeh, Yugumbal. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yugambal More information.

This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as:
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.

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