Languages of Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)

[abz] 16,000. Ethnic population: 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Lesser Sundas, Central and west Alor. Alternate names: “Barawahing” , Barue, Namatalaki.  Dialects: Atimelang, Kobola, Alakaman. Much dialect diversity. Alakaman may be a dialect of Kamang [woi] (Woisika). May be more than 1 language.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[adn] 31,800 (2000). Lesser Sundas, Northwest (Bird’s Head) Alor Island. Alternate names: Alor.  Dialects: Aimoli. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, it is considered a separate language from Kabola [klz].  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[adr] 17,000 (2000). Adonara Island, east Solor Island, between Flores and Lembata. Alternate names: Nusa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang, Waiwerang.  Dialects: West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[aol] 25,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Alor, West and south of Bird’s Head, north Ternate Island, pockets along north Pantar, adjacent islands. Alternate names: Alorese.  Dialects: Oriented toward Lembata and Adonara [adr], but Alor is not inherently intelligible with those languages.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[aaz] 50,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Ethnic population: 60,000 (2001 C. Grimes). Southwest tip, Timor Island. Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is west, Ro’is Tais Nonof is south, Ro’is Hero surrounded by Helong [heg]. 24 townships. Alternate names: Timor Amarasi.  Dialects: Kotos, Ro’is, Ro’is Tais Nonof, Ro’is Hero (Kopa). Most similar to Uab Meto [aoz], but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Ro’is dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. There are speech differences when speaking to a king, nobility, or commoner.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[akg] 14,000. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sumba Island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. Alternate names: Anakalang.  Dialects: Similar to Wejewa [wew], Mamboru, [mvd], Wanukaka [wnk], Lamboya [lmy].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[bpz] 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Rote Island east, domains of Bilba, Diu, and Lelenuk. West of Ringgou. Communities on Semau Island and Timor mainland near Kupang. Alternate names: Belubaa, Bilbaa, Eastern Rote, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese.  Dialects: Bilba, Diu, Lelenuk.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[bhp] 500,000 (1989). Sunda Islands, east Sumbawa Island, east of the isthmus. Alternate names: Bimanese.  Dialects: Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, Mbojo.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[beu] 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 11,000. Lesser Sundas, East Pantar, north Pura, south Ternate islands. Alternate names: Belagar, Tarang.  Dialects: Apuri, Limarahing, Bakalang, Pura. The Retta variety on south Pura is thought to be a separate language by speakers of Alor [aol].  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 
More information.

[bfn] 50,000 in Indonesia (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Ethnic population: 50,000. Central interior Timor Island, south coast. Alternate names: Buna’, Bunake, Bunaq.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Bunak 
More information.

[row] 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Rote Island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains. Alternate names: Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote.  Dialects: Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale). Dela-Oenale seems between Dengka [dnk] and Dhao [nfa].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[dnk] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island northwest, Dengka and Lelain domains, east of Dela-Oenale [row], west of Lole (Ba’a). Alternate names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote.  Dialects: Western Dengka, Eastern Dengka, Lelain. Western Dengka dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of ‘ngg’ in Eastern Dengka dialect become ‘nd’ in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao [nfa]. Dengka and Dela-Oenale [row] are more divergent from other languages on Rote.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[nfa] 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh). Island of Ndao, scattered on Rote, and Timor. Alternate names: Dao, Ndao, Ndaonese, Ndaundau.  Dialects: Related to Sabu [hvn]. Difficult phonology.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[end] 87,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 78,000 Ende, 9,000 Nga’o. Lesser Sundas, south central Flores, west of Sikka. Alternate names: Endeh.  Dialects: Ende (Endeh, Ja’o, Djau), Nga’o (Ngao, West Ende). A dialect subgroup. Li’o [ljl] may be a dialect of Ende.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio 
More information.

[hmu] 1,290 (2000). Kalabahi Bay, across from Kalabahi City, Moru town area. 2 villages. Migration in 1947 from Mo’eng, a few kilometers south. Still on their traditional land, but now in an interethnic community with the Kui [kvd]. Dialects: Said to be intelligible with the Adang-Aimoli dialect of Kabola [klz], but ‘Kabola’ is associated with the Bird’s Head area of Alor. Structural and lexical differences with Kabola.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[heg] 14,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Ethnic population: 15,000 to 20,000. West tip of Timor Island near port of Tenau. 4 villages. Kupang area, extending across the island to Amarasi region; most villages on Semau Island. Alternate names: Helon, Kupang, Semau.  Dialects: Helong Pulau (Semau, Island Helong), Helong Darat (Bolok), Funai (Land Helong). 2 groups which have minor dialect differences: Helong Darat on Timor mainland and Helong Pulau on Semau Island.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[ila]  North Lembata (Lomblen Island), including Ile Ape volcanic peninsula and nearby mainland Lembata. North Ile Ape on the peninsula; South Ile Ape on the mainland. Alternate names: Nusa Tadon.  Dialects: North Ile Ape, South Ile Ape.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[klz] 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Lesser Sundas, Northwest (Bird’s Head) Alor Island. Dialects: Pintumbang, Tang’ala, Meibuil, Otvai, Kebun Kopi. Dialect names and locations in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers. May be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separate language from Adang [adn].  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[kpu] 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000. Southwest Alor Island, north of Aluben, between Abui [abz] and Kelong [kyo] languages. Alternate names: Aikoli, Fanating, Pailelang, Ruilak.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[woi] 16,500 (2000). Alor Island, east central, between Abui and Tanglapui, Woisika village. Kamang dialect is spoken there and in 2 other villages. Alternate names: Waisika, Woisika.  Dialects: Lembur (Limbur, Kawel), Sibo, Kamang, Tiayai, Watang, Kamana-Kamang. Probably more than 1 language.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[xbr] 235,000 (2000). Lesser Sundas, east half of Sumba Island, south of Flores. Alternate names: East Sumba, East Sumbanese, Hilu Humba, Humba, Oost-Sumbaas, Sumba, Sumbanese.  Dialects: Kambera, Melolo, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai), Lewa, Kanatang, Mangili-Waijelo (Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Rindi, Waijelo), Southern Sumba. Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Lewa dialect and Uma Taru Nggai have difficulty understanding those from Mangili in many speech domains.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[ksx] 30,000 (1997 N. Johnston). Lesser Sundas, northeast Lembata (Lomblen) Island, villages on a ring road at the base of a volcano. Alternate names: Dang, Kdang, Kédang, Kedangese.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[kyo] 6,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Lesser Sundas, southwest Alor Island. Alternate names: Kalong, Kelong.  Dialects: Probur, Halerman, Gendok, Panggar.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[kem] 50,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 50,000. North central Timor Island, West and East Timor border area, mostly east side. Alternate names: Ema.  Dialects: Nogo (Nogo-Nogo), Kemak.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[xxk] 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000. South central Flores, east of Ngad’a, south of Nage, south and southeast of Ebu Lobo volcano. Kecamatans Mauponggo and Nangaroro, Kabupaten Ngada. The Nage forms north border, Ngada is west, and Ende east. Alternate names: Nage-Keo.  Dialects: Distinct from but most similar to Nage [nxe]. Similar to Ngad’a [nxg], Ende [end], Lio [ljl], Palu’e [ple], Riung [riu].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio 
More information.

[kuk] 10,600 (2000). Central Flores, between Manggarai and Rembong, between Manggarai and Wae Rana, 1 area. Alternate names: Kepoq.  Dialects: May be inherently intelligible with surrounding languages.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[kod] 40,000 (1987 UBS). Lesser Sundas, West Sumba. Alternate names: Kudi.  Dialects: Kodi Bokol, Kodi Bangedo, Nggaro (Nggaura). May be most similar to Wejewa [wew].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[kvh] 700 (2000). Komodo Island and west coast of Flores. Dialects: Considered a separate language from Manggarai [mqy] (1982 J. Verheijen).  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[kvd] 4,240 (2000). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Alor Island, scattered enclaves. Kui on south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga, also in Moru in Kalabahi Bay, interspersed with Hamap [hmu]; Batulolong in Sibera and Kapebang. Alternate names: Lerabain.  Dialects: Kui (Lerabaing, Buraga), Kiramang (Kramang), Batulolong.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor 
More information.

[tpg] 5,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). East quarter of Alor Island, between Kamang and Sawila. Most in higher elevations, but north coast Maukuru, Takala, Koilela, Peisaka, and Kiralela villagers also speak Kula. Alternate names: Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, Tanglapui.  Dialects: Iramang, Kula, Kulatela, Watena, Larena, Kula Watena, Sumang, Arumaka. Structurally similar to Sawila [swt], but intelligibility is marginal.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui 
More information.

[slp] 150,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Lesser Sundas, east tip of Flores, east of the Sika [ski], and on west Solor; Adonara Lembata (except the Kedang area) and in enclaves on Pantar north coast, northwest Alor, and surrounding islands. Alternate names: Solor, Solorese.  Dialects: West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), Lamaholot (Taka, Lewolaga, Ile Mandiri, Tanjung Bunda, Larantuka, Ritaebang), West Solor. Wide variation among dialects. Keraf (1978) reports 18 distinct languages. Probably as many as 10 languages.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lmr]  South coastal Lembata (Lomblen) Island. About 4 villages. Alternate names: Kawela, Lebatukan, Mulan.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lmq]  Central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lewo Eleng. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations. Alternate names: Lamatoka.  Dialects: Lewo Eleng [lwe] is probably most closely related.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lmy] 25,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Sumba Island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak. Dialects: Lamboya, Nggaura. Similar to Wejewa [wew], Mamboru [mvd], Wanukaka [wnk], Anakalangu [akg].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[lev] 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000. Lesser Sundas, southwest and west Pantar. Alternate names: Lamma’, Lemma, Mauta.  Dialects: Kalondama, Tubal (Tube, Mauta), Biangwala.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 
More information.

[lur] 10,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Northwest Sumba, between Kodi and Mamboru. Alternate names: Laora.  Dialects: Laura, Mbukambero (Bukambero). Not intelligible with Kodi [kod].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[lmf]  South Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamalera and Lamatuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lmj]  West end of Lembata (Lomblen) Island, west of Levuka. Both mountain and coastal villages around the base of a volcano. Alternate names: Labalekan, Mingar.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lvu]  West central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lamalera. Alternate names: Lembata, Lewokukun, Lewuka, Painara.  Dialects: Levuka, Kalikasa.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lwe]  East central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamatuka and Kedang. Several villages. North coast villages are the result of recent government-induced migrations. Dialects: Lamatuka [slp] probably most closely related.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[lwt] 289,000 (2000). Eastern Flores, south of Lamaholot, east of Sika. Alternate names: Southwest Lamaholot.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[ljl] 130,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Lesser Sundas, central Flores, west of Sikka, Paga and Dondo areas. Alternate names: Aku, Lio, Lionese, Tanah Kunu.  Dialects: Dialect subgroup with Ende [end]. Palu’e [ple] may be a dialect.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio 
More information.

[llg] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island west central, Lole and Ba’a domains. North Lole covers north and central regions of Lole domain. Alternate names: Ba’a, Baä, Central Rote, Loleh, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese.  Dialects: North Lole, South Lole, Ba’a. North Lole ‘na-hina’ becomes South Lole ‘ni-hina’.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[mkn] 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). West Timor, Kupang area. Alternate names: Basa Kupang, Kupang.  Dialects: Air Mata. 2 dialects.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian 
More information.

[lrt] 20,000 (2007). East Nusa Tenggara Province, east end of Flores island, Larantuka City, Konga village; Adonara Island, Wure village. Alternate names: Nagi, Bahasa Nagi, Melayu Larantuka, Ende Malay.  Dialects: Most similar to Kupang Malay [mkn].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade 
More information.

[mvd] 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northwest Sumba Island, Memboro coastal area. Alternate names: Memboro.  Dialects: Related to Wejewa [wew], Wanukaka [wnk], Lamboya [lmy], Anakalangu [akg].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[mqy] 500,000 (1989). Lesser Sundas, west third of Flores Island. Dialects: Western Manggarai, Central Manggarai (Ruteng), West-Central Manggarai, Eastern Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Similar to Riung [riu].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[nxe] 50,000 (Forth 1993). Central Flores, northeast of Ngad’a, Ebu Lobo volcano north and west slopes. Alternate names: Nagé, Nage-Keo.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio 
More information.

[nsy] 6,000 (2008). Bengkulu Province, Kaur Regency, Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung, Tanjung Baru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified 
More information.

[nec] 1,380 (2000). North central Pantar, south and southwest of Kabir. Alternate names: Balungada, Nédebang.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 
More information.

[nxg] 60,000 (1995). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ende and Li’o. Alternate names: Badjava, Bajava, Bajawa, Nad’a, Nga’da, Ngada, Ngadha, Rokka.  Dialects: Central Ngada, Bajawa, South Ngada. Dialect diversity.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[nea] 5,000 (1994). South central Flores, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Golewa between Ngad’a and Nage, Sara Sedu, Taka Tunga, Sanga Deto administrative villages; Desa Rowa, Kecamatan Boawae. Alternate names: Southeast Ngada.  Dialects: Minor dialect variation.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[ple] 10,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Palu Island, north of central Flores; north coast of Flores mainland, northwest of Maumere, Nangahure village. Alternate names: Lu’a, Palue, Paluqe.  Dialects: Dialect subgroup with Ende-Lio; marginal intelligibility with Li’o [ljl].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[por]  Flores Island, Sikka area. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician 
More information.

[rjg] 4,240 (2000). Central Flores, Manggarai, Wae Rana, Ngad’a, and Rembong areas. 2 enclaves. Alternate names: Razong.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[reb] 2,120 (2000). North central Flores, between Eastern Manggarai and Riung. Dialects: Rembong, Wangka, Namu.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[ret]  South Pura Island Kalabahi Bay mouth; south Ternate Island. Dialects: Not intelligible with languages on north Pura.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 
More information.

[rgu] 10,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 10,000. Rote Island east tip, Ringgou, Landu and Oepao areas. Alternate names: Eastern Rote, Rikou, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese.  Dialects: Ringgou, Landu, Oe Pao (Oepao).  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[riu] 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). North central Flores Island, Lesser Sundas, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Riung. Alternate names: Far Eastern Manggarai.  Dialects: Similar to Manggarai [mqy], but marginal intelligibility.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[ror] 2,120 (2000). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngad’a, and south of Wae Rana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[hvn] 110,000 (1997). 15,000 to 25,000 outside of Sabu (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Kabupaten Kupang; south of Flores and west of Timor, Sawu and Raijua Islands; Sumba (especially Waingapu and Melolo); Flores Island, Ende; Timor. Alternate names: Havunese, Hawu, Savu, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese.  Dialects: Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu), Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua). Similar to Waioli [wli], Gamkonora [gak]. Related to Dhao [nfa].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[sas] 2,100,000 (1989). Lombok Island. Alternate names: Lombok.  Dialects: Kuto-Kute (North Sasak), Ngeto-Ngete (Northeast Sasak), Meno-Mene (Central Sasak), Ngeno-Ngene (Central East Sasak, Central West Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (Central South Sasak). Complex dialect network. Some ‘dialects’ have difficult mutual intelligibility. Related to Sumbawa [smw] and Bali [ban].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa 
More information.

[swt] 3,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). East Alor Island, between Kula and Wersing. Alternate names: Tanglapui.  Dialects: Sawila, Lona, Salimana, Lalamana, Sileba. Marginal intelligibility but structurally similar to Kula [tpg]; distinct historical ethnic identities.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui 
More information.

[ski] 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Lesser Sundas, eastern Flores Island, between Li’o and Lamaholot. Alternate names: Krowe, Maumere, Sara Sikka, Sikka, Sikkanese.  Dialects: Sara Krowe (Central Sikka), Sikka Natar (South Coast Sikka, Kangaé), Tana Ai. Wide linguistic and cultural variation.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata 
More information.

[ssq] 10,000 (1994). Central Flores, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad’a and Riung. Alternate names: Soa.  Dialects: Similar to Ngad’a [nxg].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[smw] 300,000 (1989). West end of Sumbawa Island, west of the isthmus. Alternate names: Semawa, Sumbawarese.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa 
More information.

[twg] 800 (1997). Ethnic population: 800 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Tereweng Island off southeast Pantar Island. 2 villages northern side, 1 on Pantar. Dialects: Whether this is a dialect of Blagar [beu] or a separate language is disputed.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 
More information.

[twu] 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 30,000. Central Rote Island, Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, Bokai domains; Kupang, West Timor, and Jakarta. Alternate names: Central Rote, Pa’da, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese.  Dialects: Pa’da (Termanu), Pa’da Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu), Korbafo (Korbaffo), Bokai. Seems more similar to Lole [llg] than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[tet] 400,000 in Indonesia (2004). Population total all countries: 450,000. Central Timor corridor north, to south coasts, east of Atoni, west of Bunak (in Batagude); Batibo area, south coast, Viqueque and Soibada areas. Also in East Timor. Alternate names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung.  Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Soibada, Natarbora, Lakluta, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los), Southern Tetun (Lia Fehan, Plain Tetun, Tasi Mane, Belu Selatan, South Belu, South Tetun), Northern Tetun (Lia Foho, Hill Tetun, Tasi Feto, Belu Utara, North Belu, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik). Wide variation in morphology and syntax among major dialects; variation in social structure.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, Central 
More information.

[twe] 5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Central Pantar. Dialects: Deing, Madar, Lebang.  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 
More information.

[txq] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island southwest, Tii domain, east of Dela-Oenale, west of Lole, south of Dengka. Alternate names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Thie, Ti, Western Rote.  Dialects: Minor variation, third singular verb prefix ‘na-fa’da’ varies with ‘i-fa’da’.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[aoz] 586,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, and Jacob 1997). Western Timor Island. Alternate names: Atoni, “Dawan” , Meto, Orang Gunung, “Rawan” , Timol, Timor, “Timor Dawan” , Timoreesch, Timoreezen, Timorese, Uab Atoni Pah Meto, Uab Pah Meto.  Dialects: Amfoan-Fatule’u-Amabi (Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule’u, Amabi), Amanuban-Amanatun (Amanuban, Amanubang, Amanatun), Mollo-Miomafo (Mollo, Miomafo), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manlea). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Similar to Amarasi [aaz].  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West 
More information.

[wrx] 4,240 (2000). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngad’a. Alternate names: Waerana.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[wnk] 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sumba Island, southwest coast, east of Lamboya. Alternate names: Wanokaka.  Dialects: Wanukaka, Rua. Similar to, but unintelligible to Wejewa [wew], Mamboru [mud], Lamboya [lmy], and Anakalangu [akg] speakers. Intelligibility with varieties in east Sumba and Kambera uncertain.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[wew] 65,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Lesser Sundas, West Sumba Island interior. Alternate names: Veveva, Waidjewa, Wajewa, West Sumbanese, Wewewa, Wewjewa, Weyewa.  Dialects: Weyewa, Lauli (Loli), Tana Righu.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba 
More information.

[kvw] 3,700 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Alor Island, Kolana east coast area, southeast coast, Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on north central north coast. Alternate names: Kolana, Kolana-Wersin, Warsina, Wersin.  Dialects: Kolana, Maneta, Langkuru (Pureman, Mademang). Similar to Kamang [woi].  Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Kolana 
More information.