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Chavacano

A language of Philippines

ISO 639-3: cbk

Population	293,000 (1990 census). 155,000 Zamboangueño (Holm 1989), 27,841 Caviten, 3,750 Ternateño (1975 census), 5,473 Cotabato Chavacano (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
Region	Zamboanga, Basilan, Kabasalan, Siay, Margosatubig, Ipil, Malangas, Lapuyan, Buug, Tungawa, Alicia, Isabela, Lamitan, Maluso, Malamawi, Cotabato City, Mindanao; Cavite, Ternate, and Ermita near Manila. The 1970 census listed speakers in 60 of the 66 provinces.
Language map	Southern Philippines, reference number 122
Alternate names	Chabakano, Zamboangueño
Dialects	Caviteño, Ternateño (Ternateño Chavacano), Ermitaño (Ermiteño), Davawenyo Zamboanguenyo (Abakay Spanish, Davao Chavacano, Davaoeño, Davaweño), Cotobato Chavacano (Cotabateño), Zamboangueño (Chavacano). A creole with predominantly Spanish vocabulary and Philippine-type grammatical structure.
Classification	Creole, Spanish based
Language use	Davawen Zamboangueño may have no remaining speakers. The major language of Zamboanga City. Ermiteño is extinct. Also use Filipino [fil].
Language development	Literacy rate in L1: 80%. Literacy rate in L2: 80%. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1981.
Writing system	Latin script.

Entries from the SIL Bibliography about this language:

Academic Publications

BARRIOS, Aireen L., author. 2006. "Austronesian elements in Philippine Creole Spanish."  

HUTTAR, George L., author. 2012. "The African lexical contribution to Ndyuka, Saramaccan, and other creoles: Implications for how creoles develop."  

MCKAUGHAN, Howard P., author. 1954. "Notes on Chabacano grammar."

NEWELL, Leonard E., author. 1990. Review of: a composite dictionary of Philippine Creole Spanish, by Maria Isabelita O. Riego de Dios.

RIEGO DE DIOS, Maria Isabelita O., author. 1978. "A pilot study on the dialects of Philippine Creole Spanish."  

RIEGO DE DIOS, Maria Isabelita O., author. 1989. A composite dictionary of Philippine Creole Spanish.

STEINKRÜGER, Patrick O., author. 2006. "The puzzling case of Chabacano: creolization, substrate, mixing and secondary contact."  

STEINKRÜGER, Patrick O., author. 2008. "The puzzling case of Chabacano: creolization, substrate, mixing and secondary contact."

TARDO, Day S., author. 2006. "Developing the Chavacano reader project from the Chavacano corpus."