16th edition

US$ 100.00

Ethnologue > Web version > Country index > Americas > Suriname > Aukan

Aukan

A language of Suriname

ISO 639-3: djk

Population	15,500 in Suriname. 10%–20% monolingual. 14,353 Aukan, 33 Aluku, 1,156 Paramaccan (1980 census). Population total all countries: 22,090.
Region	Near Brokopondo, east along Marowijne and Tapanahony rivers, northeast along Cottica River. Aluku are along French Guiana border; Paramaccan in northeast Suriname. Also in French Guiana.
Language map	French Guiana and Suriname
Alternate names	Aukaans, “Djoeka” , “Djuka” , Ndjuká, Ndyuka, Njuká, Okanisi
Dialects	Aukan, Aluku (Aloekoe, Boni), Paramaccan. Kwinti [kww] is less similar to Aukan than the Aluku and Paramaccan dialects.
Classification	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Suriname, Ndyuka
Language use	Vigorous. In Paramaribo some have shifted to Dutch, some younger ones to Sranan [srn]. All domains. Used in oral and written form in religious services. Positive attitude. Most men also use Sranan Tongo [srn]. Schools are in Dutch [nld], so many younger ones can read and write it, but the majority are not fluent. Perhaps 30%–50% can speak all 3 languages.
Language development	Literacy rate in L1: Below 10%. Literacy rate in L2: 15%–25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999.
Writing system	Afaka script, no longer in use, never widely used, may be in use by a few individuals. Latin script.
Comments	The society was formed by escaped slaves. Subsistence and economy is Amerindian; social culture and religion are West African. Aluku has more French influence than Paramaccan does. Spelling of Ndyuka without the initial nasal is considered derogatory. ‘Aukan’ is English, ‘Aukaans’ is Dutch. In early 1900s an Aukaner named Afaka developed a syllabic writing system, but few learned to read it, and it was not officially endorsed. 12 clans. In the 1980s and 1990s many went to Paramaribo. Tonal. Gold miners; river transport; lumbermen; agriculturalists; manual labor; government workers; manufacturing, politics. Traditional religion, Christian.

Also spoken in:

French Guiana

Language name	Aukan
Population	6,590 in French Guiana (2000).
Region	Along Suriname border and Kourou.
Language map	French Guiana and Suriname

Entries from the SIL Bibliography about this language:

Academic Publications

GRIMES, Joseph E., editor. 1972. Languages of the Guianas.  

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1972. "A comparative word list for Djuka."  

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1981. "Some Kwa-like features of Djuka syntax."

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1982. A Creole-Amerindian pidgin of Suriname.

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1985. "Sources of Ndjuka African vocabulary."

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1986. "Kikongo, Saramaccan, and Ndjuka."

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1987. "The Afaka script: An indigenous creole syllabary."

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1991. "Ndjuka organization of experience: African or universal?."

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1992. "Afaka and his Creole syllabary: The social context of a writing system."  

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1994. Lexical borrowing, creolization and basic vocabulary.  

HUTTAR, George L., author. 1996. Epenthetic ‘-mi’ in Ndyuka: a transitive marker?.  

HUTTAR, George L., author. 2003. "Scales of basicness in semantic domains and their application to creolization."

HUTTAR, George L., author. 2012. "The African lexical contribution to Ndyuka, Saramaccan, and other creoles: Implications for how creoles develop."  

HUTTAR, George L.; HUTTAR, Mary L., authors. 1972. "Notes on Djuka phonology."  

HUTTAR, George L.; HUTTAR, Mary L., authors. 1988. "A humorous Paramaccan text."

HUTTAR, George L.; HUTTAR, Mary L., authors. 1994. Ndyuka.

HUTTAR, George L.; HUTTAR, Mary L., authors. 1997. "Reduplication in Ndyuka."

HUTTAR, George L.; KOANTING, Evert D., authors. 1993. "Are Ndjuká comparative markers verbs?."

KOANTING, Evert D.; SHANKS, Louis M.; VELANTI, Carlo, compilers. 1994. A buku fu Okanisi anga Ingiisi wowtu (Aukan - English dictionary).

KOANTING, Evert D.; SHANKS, Louis M.; VELANTI, Carlo, editors. 2000. I de, i mu abi!: 350 dii ondoo feifitenti nongo taki fu Okanisi (Spreekwoorden en gezegden in het Aukaans).

KOANTING, Evert D.; VELANTI, Carlo, compilers; SHANKS, Louis M., editor. 2000. A buku fu Okanisi Anga Ingiisi wowtu = Aukan - English dictionary and English - Aukan index.

LEVINSOHN, Stephen H., editor. 1981. Discourse studies in Djuka and Saramaccan.

PARK, James F., author. 1981. "Paragraph in Djuka deliberative discourse."

Vernacular Publications

[ABD ... Adam, Noah, Abram, Isaak]. n.d.

A baaka Sineisi Baanow. 1991.

A gaan faja na sanbedumi. 1976.

A gaan faja na Sanbedumi. 1976.

A gafaman Baanow. 1987.

A ogii wataa meti. 1984.

A pinaman anga den dii koni. 1988.

A toli foe manti (Het verhaal van de maan). 1980.

A toli fu a ogii mʼma. 1976.

A toli fu Baa Dagu anga Koo. 1987.

A toli fu Paawisi anga Akami. 1987.

A toli fu pingo. 1987.

A toli fu wataa mama. 1987.

ABD Okanisi kololu buku. 1999.

Boekoe foe jeepi den sama di e leli sama leisi anga sikiifi a ini okanisi tongo. 1981.

Den sani di i dʼda e leli joe. 1980.

Fa i moe soloegoe i sikin, anga pe je tan boen. 1983.

Fa mi be go na Ameekan Kondee. 1991.

Fa mi be kii a bofoo, deel 1, 2. 1987.

Fa oe be go a foto. 1981.

Fa Toomoi anga Astonoe be go a foto. 1976.

Fa wan sipali sutu mi. 1976.

Gusontu buku deel 1: Malaliya. 1991.

Gusontu buku, deel 2: Libi wan gusontu libi. 1992.

Gusontu buku, deel 3: Solugu i mofu bun. 1992.

Holi san yu abi. 1989.

Leisi ndjoeka tongo: Deel 1; 2, 3. 1980.

Leisi okanisi tongo, deel 1, mesiti buku. 1999.

Leisi okanisi tongo, deel 1. 1999.

Leisi okanisi tongo, deel 2, 3: Mesiti buku. 1989.

Leisi Okanisi Tongo, Deel 3. 1989.

Luku bun—jee! (Pasop! hoor). 1985.

Oe si langa neki sama kaba? (Mensen met lange nekken). 1984.

Ogii sani di pasa anga da Kelema. 1976.

Ogii sani di pasa anga da Kelema; A toli foe a ogii Mʼma. 1981.

Ogiisani pikin. 1995.

Ook u kunt Aukaans lezen en schrijven. 1991.

Ook u kunt Aukaans lezen en schrijven. 2000.

Sama sani a na yu sani. 1988.

Simpan toli fu Ndyuka sama (Boeiende Aukaanse verhalen). 1995.

Simpan toli fu Ndyuka sama, deel 1. 1987.

Simpan toli fu Ndyuka sama, deel 2. 1987.

Switi mato fu Okanisi. 2000.

Taanga jesi o kii joe. 1983.

Taanga Jesi O Kii Joe. 1984.

Taanga yesi o kii yu = Je koppigheid zal je val worden . 1992.

Takuu giili á bun. 1991.

Toe onti toli anga wan doeoepoe taa toli. 1981.

Tu mato fu Ndjuka sama. 1975.

Tu onti toli. 1976.

Tu toli fu teke leli. 1989.

Waka buku fu Ndjuka sama. 1973.

Wakaman boekoe = Een reisboekje in: Djoeka, Nederlands, Engels, Sranan Tongo . 1979.

Wakaman boekoe = Een reisboekje in: Djoeka, Nederlands, Engels, Sranan Tongo = Wegwijs in het Djoeka, Nederlands, En. 1979.

Wakaman buku (Een reisboekje in het: Aukaans, Sranan Tongo, Nederlands, Engles, Frans). 1989.

Wan doeoepoe onti toli. 1979.

Wan toli fa fu solugu i seefi bun anga i kondee. 1974.

Wan toli fu fa u be go a foto a fositen. 1976.