Totonac, Upper Necaxa
A language of Mexico
| Population | 3,400 (2000 INEGI). 20%–30% monolingual. Ethnic population: 5,800. |
| Region | Northeast Puebla, Necaxa River Valley, Chicontla, Patla, Cacahuatlán, and San Pedro Tlalontongo towns. |
| Language map |
Western Central Mexico, reference number 56 |
| Dialects | Most similar to Tecpatlan Totonac [tcw]. Northern Totonac materials are difficult to understand. |
| Classification | Totonacan, Totonac |
| Language use | Included in the catalogue of Mexican indigenous languages, by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI). Moderate use. Not all parents pass it on to children. Local administration, commerce, religion. Mainly adults. Do not depreciate Totonac. 70%–80% use Spanish as second language. A few may also speak Nahuatl. Spanish used in schools. |
| Language development | Literacy rate in L1: 5%. Literacy rate in L2: 30%. Bilingual primary schools in Patla and San Pedro. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1999. |
| Comments | Young people must leave to find jobs. Agriculturalists: coffee. |
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