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Toposa

A language of Sudan

ISO 639-3: toq

Population	100,000 (2000 M. Schroeder).
Region	South, Singaita and Lokalyen rivers’ sides. Ritual center at Loyooro River. Migrate to Moruangipi, and farther east for seasonal grazing into Ilemi Triangle at Ethiopia border, but no permanent settlements there.
Language map	Sudan
Alternate names	Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha
Dialects	Eastern Toposa, Western Toposa, Jiye.
Classification	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana
Language use	Vigorous. Neighboring groups use it in trade (Didinga, Murle, Boya-Longarim, Tennet). All domains. All ages. Positive attitude.
Language development	Literacy rate in L1: Fewer than 5%. Perhaps 2,000 can read. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2002.
Writing system	Latin script.
Comments	VSA (morphologically ergative); highly inflectional; grammatical tone (tense, case); vowel harmony; voiceless vowels; questions: yes and no sentence final, content questions sentence initial and final.

Entries from the SIL Bibliography about this language:

Academic Publications

ARENSEN, Jonathan E., author. 1983. Sticks and Straw: Comparative House Forms in Southern Sudan and Northern Kenya.  

SCHRÖDER, Helga, author. 2002. Word order in Toposa: an aspect of multiple feature-checking.

SCHRÖDER, Helga, author. 2008. Word Order in Toposa: An Aspect of Multiple Feature-Checking.  

SCHRÖDER, Helga; SCHRÖDER, Martin, authors. 1984. "The Toposa verb."

SCHRÖDER, Helga; SCHRÖDER, Martin, authors. 1987. "Voiceless vowels in Toposa."

SCHRÖDER, Helga; SCHRÖDER, Martin, authors. 1987. "Vowel harmony in Toposa."

SCHRÖDER, Martin, author. 1987. Nyekinwomor: An age-set ceremony among the Toposa of Sudan.

SCHRÖDER, Martin, author. 1989. "The Toposa verb in narrative discourse."

SCHRÖDER, Martin, author. 2004. "Issues in Toposa orthography."

WATSON, Richard L.; WISE, Mary Ruth, editors. 1984. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages No. 5.  

Vernacular Publications

Kimar ŋatoposa. 1988.

Kisyau nyakimar. 1988.

Nyabuku̱ ka ŋieemuto kalu itatamere ŋaletera ka ŋatoposa. 2004.

Nyekokor ka nyakoloŋ. 1988.

Nyekokoro̱ ka nyakoloŋo̱ "The chicken and the sun", Toposa reader 1. 2002.

ŋiemuto lukaalak. 1992.