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Vietnamese

A language of Viet Nam

ISO 639-3: vie

Population	65,800,000 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 68,634,000.
Region	Widespread. Also in Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Russian Federation (Asia), Senegal, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu.
Language maps	Northern Viet Nam, reference number 97 Northern Viet Nam, reference number 97 Northwestern Viet Nam, reference number 97 Southern Viet Nam, reference number 97
Alternate names	Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Viet
Dialects	Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects.
Classification	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese
Language use	Official language.
Language development	Literacy rate in L1: 65%. Literacy rate in L2: 80%. Fully developed. Bible: 1916–1994.
Writing system	Latin script.
Comments	People called ‘Kinh’. SVO; prepositions; classifiers and numerals precede noun heads; possessor noun phrases and adjectives follow noun heads. Buddhist, Christian.

Also spoken in:

Cambodia

Language name	Vietnamese
Population	393,000 in Cambodia (2000).

China

Language name	Vietnamese
Population	7,200 in China (1999 J. Ouyang).
Region	South coast of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, on Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou peninsulas (the “three peninsulas”), Fangcheng Pan-Nationality Autonomous County; Jiangping region.
Language map	Southern China, reference number 52
Alternate names	Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh
Language use	Moderately vigorous. A few Chinese living in the area speak Vietnamese as L2. In parts of Fangcheng County most shifting to Yue Chinese [yue]. Due to increased commerce and contact with Viet Nam since mid 1990s, the language could revive in China. Most domains in the “three peninsulas”, although interchangeably with Yue Chinese; only restricted domains elsewhere. All ages. Most also use Yue Chinese of Guangxi. A few also use Yue or Mandarin Chinese [cmn].
Language development	Literacy rate in L2: 92%.
Comments	Ethnic Vietnamese are classified in an official nationality, called Jing or Gin. Fishermen; agriculturalists; aquatic breeding; small businessmen. Christian, Daoist.

Entries from the SIL Bibliography about this language:

Academic Publications

AMARA Prasithrathsint; NATCHANAN Yaowapat, authors. 2009. "A typology of relative clauses in Mainland Southeast Asian languages."  

AMELOT, Angélique; MICHAUD, Alexis; ROUBEAU, Bernard; VŨ Ngọc Tuấn, authors. 2006. "Nasal release, nasal finals and tonal contrasts in Hanoi Vietnamese: an aerodynamic experiment."  

BARKER, Milton E., author. 1963. "Proto-Vietnamuong initial labial consonants."

BARKER, Milton E., author. 1966. "Vietnamese-Muong tone correspondences."

BARKER, Milton E., author. 1969. "The phonological adaptation of French loanwords in Vietnamese."  

BARKER, Milton E.; BARKER, Muriel A., authors. 1970. "Proto-Vietnamuong (Annamuong) final consonants and vowels."

BURTON, Eva, author. 1964. "Communication in Vietnamese poetry."

CAO Xuân Hạo, author. 1992. "Some preliminaries to the syntactic analysis of the Vietnamese sentence."  

CHALERMCHAI, Chaichompoo, author. 2006. "Segmental variation of Vietnamese in northeastern Thailand."  

CLARK, Marybeth, author. 1992. "Conjunction as topicalizer in Vietnamese."  

COOPER, Michael, author. 1996. Some fortitions and lenitions in Vietnamese.

DALEY, Karen A. C., author. 1996. The use of classifiers in Vietnamese narrative texts.

DALEY, Karen A. C., author. 1998. Vietnamese Classifiers in Narrative Texts.  

DAY, A. Colin, author. 1962. "Final consonants in Northern Vietnamese."

DINH Dien, author. 2002. "Cognitive linguistics approach to Vietnamese noun compounds."  

DINH Dien, author. 2005. "Building an annotated English-Vietnamese parallel corpus."  

DONALDSON, Jean, author. 1963. "A study of the ‘nặng’ tone in the northern dialect of Vietnamese."

EDMONDSON, Jerold A.; NGUYEN Van Loi, authors. 1998. "Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies."  

FERLUS, Michel, author. 1992. "Histoire abregée de l’évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien."  

FRIBERG, Barbara, author. 1972. Generative phonology as applied to Vietnamese dialects: a study based on Middle Vietnamese, comparing the three major dialects of Modern Vietnamese.

GREGERSON, Kenneth J., author. 1963. The phonemes of Middle Vietnamese.

GREGERSON, Kenneth J., author. 1969. "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology."

GREGERSON, Kenneth J., author. 1973. Review of: Vietnamese-English student dictionary, by Nguyễn Ðình-Hòa.

GREGERSON, Kenneth J., author. 1991. "An Austronesian lexicon in Vietnamese."

GREGERSON, Kenneth J.; THOMAS, David D., authors. 1976. "Vietnamese hỏi and ngã tones and Mon-Khmer -h finals."  

HAUPERS, Ralph, author. 1969. "A note on Vietnamese kh and ph."  

HOÀNG Văn Hành, author. 1992. "The mechanism for forming nominating units in isolating languages."  

INGRAM, John C. L.; NGUYẼ̂N, Anh-Thư T., authors. 2007. "Stress and tone sandhi in Vietnamese reduplications."  

KINGKARN Thepkanjana; SUTHATIP Mueanjai, authors. 2009. "Semantic extension of the verb of giving in Vietnamese."  

KOHNERT, Kathryn; PHAM Giang, authors. 2009. "A corpus-based analysis of Vietnamese 'classifiers' "con" and "cái"."  

LEE, Ernest W., author. 1978. "Diglot textbooks and dictionaries as a means to the assimilation of the national language of Viet Nam."

LY Toan Thang, author. 1999. "Representation of space in Vietnamese classifiers."  

MILLER, Carolyn P., author. 1966. Structural ambiguity within the Vietnamese relative clause.

MILLER, Carolyn P., author. 1973. "Informant techniques and procedures used in formulating a generative description of the relative clause in Vietnamese."  

MILLER, Carolyn P., author. 1976. "Structural ambiguity in the Vietnamese relative clause."  

MILLER, John D., author. 1961. "Word tone recognition in Vietnamese whispered speech."

MILLER, John D., author. 1976. "Types of phonic interference in Vietnamese speakers of English."  

NGUYỄN Ðình Hoà, author. 1992. "Vietnamese phonology and graphemic borrowings from Chinese: The book of 3,000 characters revisited."  

NGUYỄN Phú Phong, author. 1992. "Vietnamese demonstratives revisited."  

NOMURA, Naomitsu Mikami, author. 1992. "A semantic analysis of the so-called passive verbs in some Indochinese languages."  

O'LEARY, Clare F., author. 1988. Language maintenance and shift in a Vietnamese refugee community: a study of attitudes and behaviors.

PHAM Xuân Tín; THOMAS, David D., authors. 1964. Basic Vietnamese course.

PITTMAN, Richard S., author. 1970. "On eliciting transformations in Vietnamese."

PREISIG, Elisabeth, author. 1982. Relations interpersonnelles dans la famille vietnamienne: Etude ethnolinguistique du système d’appellation interpersonnelle du dialecte de la région de Hanoi.

QIXIANG, Yan; ZHIZHI, Zhou, authors. 1997. "On the genetic affiliation of Vietnamese."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 1997. "Serial verb constructions in Vietnamese."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 1998. "Prepositional vs directional coverbs in Vietnamese."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2000. "Vietnamese slang expressions."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2001. "Semantics of Vietnamese directional verbs."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2004. "Politeness strategies in Hanoi Vietnamese speech."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2005. "Comparison of greetings in the Vietnamese dialects of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2006. "Thai and Vietnamese proverbs and common expressions: the influence of Buddhist and local beliefs."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2007. "Vietnamese propaganda reflections from 1945-2000."  

SOPHANA Srichampa, author. 2009. "Patterns of polite expressions in Vietnamese."  

TAYLOR, Harvey M., author. 1962. "A phonetic description of the tones of the Hue dialect of Vietnamese."

THOMAS, David D., author. 1962. "On defining the ‘word’ in Vietnamese."

THOMAS, David D., author. 1962. "Thế nào là một ‘tiếng (word) trong Việt-ngũ."

THOMAS, David D., author. 1967. Review of: a Vietnamese grammar, by Laurence C. Thompson.

THOMAS, David D., author. 1973. Review of: a tagmemic comparison of the structure of English and Vietnamese languages, by Dương Thanh Bình.

THOMAS, David D., author. 1974. Review of: a contrastive grammatical analysis of English and Vietnamese, by Nguyễn Ðăng Liêm.

THOMAS, David D., author. 1974. Review of: Vietnamese grammar, by Nguyễn Ðăng Liêm.

THOMAS, David D., author. 1981. "The Vietnamese preverb auxiliary system."

THOMAS, David D., author. 1992. Review of: Discursive practices and linguistic meanings: The Vietnamese system of personal reference, by Hy V. Luong.

THOMAS, David D., author. 1992. Review of: Discursive practices and linguistic meanings: the Vietnamese system of personal reference, by Hy V. Luong.

WATSON, Richard L., author. 1970. Review of: Read Vietnamese, by Nguyẽn Ðình-Hòa.

WATSON, Richard L., author. 1970. Review of: Vietnamese-English dictionary, by Nguyẽn Ðình-Hòa.

Vernacular Publications

33 Bảng treo vệ-sinh, khoa-học và đức-dục. 1971.

Bài Anh-Ngữ thực-hành. 1973.

Basic Vietnamese course. 1964.

Em học toán: quyển 1, 2. 1970.

Tập nói tiếng Việt, lớp một sắc-tộc (Loại sách phổ thông dành riêng cho các sắc-tộc) sách hưởng dẫn giáo chức. 1972.

Tập nói tiếng Việt, lóp sáu; phân chỉ nam. 1969.

Tập nói tiếng Việt, lớp vỡ lòng (Sách hướng dẫn giáo chức). 1971.