Table of Contents

Dedication
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Bafuliiru Forword
A Brief Background to Writing Grammars in Africa by Derek Nurse
Contributing to Language Revitalization and Maintenance by John Watters
Abbreviations
Maps

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Language name and classification
• 1.2 Dialects
• 1.3 Previous language work; contributors to the present work
• 1.4 Inventory of parts of speech
• 1.5 Conventions
• 1.5.1 Texts and their numbering
• 1.5.2 Transcription conventions
• 1.6 Possible mismatches between Kifuliiru and other languages
• 1.6.1 Reduplication
• 1.6.2 Pronouns
• 1.6.3 “Expressive” nouns communicating adjectival concepts
• 1.6.4 Locative phrases with cl. 16 ha
• 1.6.5 Ideophones and interjections
• 1.6.6 Verbs
• 1.6.7 Clauses
• 1.6.8 Interclausal relations
• 1.6.9 Textlinguistics
• 1.6.10 Proverbs

2 Nouns

• 2.1 Constituent structure of the noun
• 2.1.1 Singular-plural correspondences
• 2.1.2 Examples of count nouns by gender
• 2.1.3 Non-count nouns
• 2.2 Class agreement triggered by noun gender-number
• 2.2.1 Gender-number prefixes by grammatical grouping
• 2.2.2 Agreement for conjoined NPs with different GNPs: cl. 8 (bi-)
• 2.2.3 Two different GNPs referring to same real-world referent
• 2.2.4 Mismatches between noun classes
• 2.2.5 Lexicalized noun prefixes
• 2.2.6 Personification of noun by addition of wa clitic
• 2.3 Semantic categories typically found in various Kifuliiru noun classes

3 Pronouns and Demonstratives

• 3.1 Previous reference: the morpheme e / o
• 3.2 Verb prefix pronouns and enclitic pronouns
• 3.2.1 Bound subject pronominal prefixes
• 3.2.2 Bound object pronominal prefixes
• 3.2.3 Object enclitics
• 3.3 Personal pronouns
• 3.3.1 Structure of personal pronouns
• 3.3.2 Functions of personal pronouns
• 3.4 Interrogative pronouns
• 3.4.1 Structure of interrogative pronouns
• 3.4.2 Functions of interrogative pronouns
• 3.5 Demonstratives
• 3.5.1 Structure of demonstratives
• 3.5.2 Function of demonstratives
• 3.5.3 Set demonstrative function
• 3.5.4 Locative demonstrative pronouns formed with -mûndà

4 Adjectives, Numbers, and Quantifiers

• 4.1 Adjectives
• 4.1.1 Lexical adjectives
• 4.1.2 Stative verbal adjectives
• 4.1.3 Special adjective –zira ‘without’
• 4.1.4 Comparison strategies
• 4.2 Quantifiers
• 4.2.1 Quantifier -óshì ‘all’
• 4.2.2 Quantifier -ómbì ‘both’
• 4.3 Cardinal numbers
• 4.3.1 Numbers 1–7
• 4.3.2 Numbers 8–10
• 4.3.3 Numbers 11–99
• 4.3.4 Numbers 100–999
• 4.3.5 Numbers 1,000–1,000,000
• 4.4 Ordinal numbers

5 Adverbs

• 5.1 Temporal adverbs
• 5.2 Positional adverbs
• 5.3 Manner adverbs
• 5.4 Intensifier and limiter adverbs
• 5.5 Confirmatory adverbs
• 5.6 Additive adverbs

6 Ideophones, Interjections, and Greetings

• 6.1 Ideophones
• 6.1.1 General characteristics of ideophones
• 6.1.2 Ideophones: a sample of meanings by domain
• 6.1.3 Ideophone examples in context
• 6.2 Interjections
• 6.2.1 General characteristics of interjections
• 6.2.2 Interjections: a sample of meanings by domain
• 6.3 Greetings
• 6.3.1 Greetings at encounter
• 6.3.2 Leave-taking
• 6.3.3 Forms of address

7 Noun Phrases

• 7.1 Noun phrase structure
• 7.1.1 Constituent structure of noun phrases
• 7.1.2 Marked order of the NP
• 7.1.3 Noun phrase constituents used substantively
• 7.1.4 Infinitives in noun phrases
• 7.2 Augments
• 7.2.1 Augment structure
• 7.2.2 Augment function
• 7.3 Associative phrases
• 7.3.1 Associative phrase structures
• 7.3.2 Associative phrase functions
• 7.3.3 Frozen associative structure with special focus
• 7.4 Associative pronouns
• 7.5 Conjunctives used with noun phrases
• 7.5.1 Conjunctive na
• 7.5.2 Conjunctive kandi iri ‘or’
• 7.5.3 Conjunctive nga ‘like, as’
• 7.6 Noun phrases involving mwene ‘ownership’
• 7.6.1 Ownership or authority
• 7.6.2 Family members
• 7.6.3 Comparative ‘like X’
• 7.7 Noun phrases with following nouns of apposition
• 7.8 Multiple noun phrase embedding

8 Locative Phrases

• 8.1 Locative markers
• 8.1.1 Locative marker structure
• 8.1.2 Locative marker function
• 8.1.3 Idioms involving frozen locative markers
• 8.2 Position nouns
• 8.2.1 Position noun structure
• 8.2.2 Position noun functions
• 8.2.3 Forms resembling position nouns

9 Verb Words and Phrases

• 9.1 Overview of verb form types
• 9.1.1 Basic affixation for verb words
• 9.1.2 Single-word verbs
• 9.1.3 Grammaticization of auxiliaries
• 9.1.4 Multiword verbs in which only one word is inflected
• 9.1.5 Multiword verbs which include two inflected forms
• 9.1.6 Adverbial auxiliaries which precede an uninflected verb stem
• 9.1.7 Negation
• 9.2 Detailed inventory of TAM form/meanings
• 9.2.1 Tense
• 9.2.2 Aspect
• 9.2.3 Mood
• 9.2.4 TAM in auxiliaries
• 9.2.5 TAM with -ba- auxiliary in compound verb phrases
• 9.2.6 Focus

10 Clauses and Information Structure

• 10.1 Syntactic structure of independent clauses
• 10.1.1 Non-verbal clauses
• 10.1.2 Verbal clause nucleus
• 10.1.3 Obliques
• 10.1.4 Polar questions
• 10.2 Information structure
• 10.2.1 Summary of information structure terminology
• 10.2.2 Pauses
• 10.2.3 Topic-comment articulation
• 10.2.4 Point of departure
• 10.2.5 Presentational articulation
• 10.2.6 Identificational articulation
• 10.3 Alternations of basic constituent order
• 10.3.1 Preposing a clause constituent
• 10.3.2 Postposing a clause constituent
• 10.3.3 Promoting to clause object
• 10.3.4 Marked placement of pronominal elements

11 Dependent Clauses and Interclausal Relations

• 11.1 Dependent adverbial clauses
• 11.1.1 Conditional clauses
• 11.1.2 Contrary-to-fact conditional/result clauses
• 11.1.3 Temporal clauses
• 11.1.4 Concessive clauses
• 11.1.5 Logical clauses
• 11.1.6 Purpose/result clauses
• 11.1.7 Focus clauses
• 11.1.8 Purpose/result clauses, together with focus
• 11.1.9 Manner clauses
• 11.1.10 Reason clauses
• 11.2 Analytic causatives
• 11.3 Reduced clauses indicating concomitant “state”
• 11.4 Complement clauses
• 11.4.1 Classes of complement clauses
• 11.4.2 Idiom of attempt
• 11.4.3 Idiom of number
• 11.4.4 Idiom of comparison with kè=tàlì yò=háàhè ‘isn’t it all the more’
• 11.5 Relative clauses
• 11.5.1 Subject relative clauses
• 11.5.2 Object or complement relative clauses
• 11.5.3 Null relativizers
• 11.5.4 Headless relative clauses
• 11.5.5 kútì ‘how’ grammaticized in a relative construction
• 11.5.6 Relative clause function: denoting thematic salience
• 11.6 Relations between independent clauses
• 11.6.1 Coordination between clauses
• 11.6.2 Contrast between clauses
• 11.6.3 Clause level alternatives: ìrí…kàndí írí ‘if…or’
• 11.7 Pauses at the sentence level

12 Narrative Forms

• 12.1 Speech register summary
• 12.2 Narrative text units
• 12.2.1 Story introduction
• 12.2.2 Story body
• 12.2.3 Peak
• 12.2.4 Story conclusion
• 12.3 Highlighting
• 12.3.1 Demonstratives as thematic salience markers
• 12.3.2 Thematic salience expressed by the cl. 16 locative marker ha ‘place’
• 12.3.3 Emphatic prominence (- ag)
• 12.3.4 Slowing-down devices
• 12.3.5 Songs which provide key information
• 12.4 Reporting of conversation
• 12.4.1 Reported speech in quite formal written register
• 12.4.2 Direct versus indirect speech
• 12.4.3 Reported speech in informal registers
• 12.5 Participant reference
• 12.5.1 Introduction of participants
• 12.5.2 Tracking of major participants

13 Proverbs and Riddles

• 13.1 Proverbs
• 13.1.1 Proverb formal considerations
• 13.1.2 Proverb meaning considerations
• 13.2 Riddles
• 13.2.1 Riddle formal considerations
• 13.2.2 Riddle meaning considerations

14 Reduplication

• 14.1. Reduplication structural considerations
• 14.1.1 Parts of speech where reduplication occurs
• 14.1.2 Two phonological constraints affecting reduplication
• 14.1.3 Reduplicating only part of the stem
• 14.2. Functions of reduplication
• 14.2.1 Repetition
• 14.2.2 Extensiveness (or the lack of it)
• 14.2.3 Reduplication expressing emphasis
• 14.2.4 Reduplication (usually) expressing pejorative

Appendix: Texts
References
Person index
Language index
Overall index