Bilingual education
Index of SIL publications on Bilingual education listed by country.
See only SIL publications on Bilingual education available online or for purchase from SIL International Publications.
General works
- ANDERSON, Ronald J., author. 1996. Sheltered instruction for language minority populations [Introducing the companion article by Judy Law].
- ARRITT, James, author. 2010. Review of: Bilingual education in the 21st century: a global perspective, by Ofelia Garcia and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore.
- DAVIS, Patricia M.; FAUST, Norma; JAKWAY, Martha A.; SHELL, Olive A.; TAPIA S., Teofilo, authors. 1980. Manual for supervisors of bilingual schools.
- GFELLER, Elisabeth; ROBINSON, Clinton D. W., authors. 1998. "Which language for teaching? The cultural messages transmitted by the languages used in education."
- HOATSON, Kristen, author. 2001. Review of: Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism, by Colin Baker.
- KLAASSENS, Anne, author. 1990. SIL involvement in bilingual education past-present-future.
- LAW, Judy, author. 1996. Sheltered instruction: An introduction.
- MCCRACKEN, Scott, author. 1999. Introduction to a bilingual schooling typology through three examples.
- MITCHELL, Penelope L., author. 1998. Review of: Voices from the language classroom: qualitative research in second language education, Kathleen M. Bailey and David Nunan, editors.
- OTTAVIANO, Ida, author. 1990. Review of: a school divided: An ethnography of bilingual education in a Chinese community, by Grace Pung Guthrie.
- PARKHURST, Stephen J., author. 1993. Review of: Beyond language: Social and cultural factors in schooling language minority students, by Bilingual Education Office, California State Department of Education.
- PIKE, Kenneth L., author. 1960. "Toward a theory of change and bilingualism."
- ROBINSON, Clinton D. W., author. 1996. "Alfabetização nas línguas das minorias: Que esperanças?."
- ROBINSON, Clinton D. W., author. 1996. "Winds of change in Africa: Fresh air for African languages? Some preliminary reflections."
- ROBINSON, Jerry, author. 1982. Review of: Bilingual education: An experience in Peruvian Amazonia, Mildred L. Larson and Patricia M. Davis, editors.
- TAN, William, author. 2000. "Huxiang yicun lilun yu shuangyu jiaoxue (The interdependence hypothesis)."
- WAGNER, John, author. 1995. Review of: Beyond the bilingual classroom: Literacy acquisition among Peruvian Amazon communities, by Barbara Trudell.
- WALTER, Stephen L., author. 2000. Explaining multilingual education: information on some tough questions.
- WALTER, Stephen L., author. 2003. "Does language of instruction matter in education?."
Works specific to particular countries
Africa
Cameroon
Kenya
Mali
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. La langue maternelle, ça compte ! La langue locale, clé d'un apprentissage efficace.
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. Mother tongue matters: local language as a key to effective learning.
Mozambique
- HEINS, Barbara D., author. 1999. Why bilingual education? responses to three commonly raised objections.
- HEINS, Barbara D., author. 2003. "Para quê o ensino bilingue? Repostas a três objecções comuns."
Nigeria
- AARON, Marianne, author. 1998. A way to improve literacy in primary education in Nigeria.
- AYOKO, Oluremi B; DANJUMA, John; OGUNDOKUN, E. Funke, authors. 1993. "Nigerian teachers in bilingual classrooms."
Sudan
Tanzania
Americas
Bolivia
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1984. "Quechua/Spanish bilingual education and language policy in Bolivia (1977-1982)."
- HEASLIP, Marion, author. 1969. La educación bilingue.
- HOCH, Barbara E., author. 1981. A comparison of Bolivian bilingual schools with Bolivian rural government schools in reading comprehension and arithmetic computation.
- OLSON, Ronald D., author. 1977. "Hacia una valorización de lenguas nacionales minoritarias."
Brazil
- ALFORD, Margaret Ruth, author. 1987. "Developing facilitative reading programmes in Third World countries: a culturally relevant programme for teaching reading in the mother tongue: the Karajá Indians of Brazil."
- ALFORD, Margaret Ruth, author. 1998. "Ensino bilíngüe-bicultural: filosofia e métodos."
- ALFORD, Margaret Ruth, author. 1998. Alguns métodos e estudos práticos de educação bilíngüe intercultural.
- ALFORD, Margaret Ruth, compiler. 1987. Alguns métodos e estudos práticos de educação bilíngüe bicultural: Curso de lingüística e missiologia.
- GUDSCHINSKY, Sarah C., author. 1975. "Some frequent and recurring fallacies concerning bilingual education."
- JONES, Joan W.; KINDELL, Gloria E., authors. 1978. Educação indígena: Metodologia e programação.
- KINDELL, Gloria E., author. 1978. Bilingual education - an evaluation.
Colombia
- BOWIE, Paulina; KELLY, Edessie; METZGER, Lois; METZGER, Ronald G.; MITCHELL, Dulph; MORREN, Diane; MORREN, Ronald C.; MOSQUITTO, Isilda, authors. 2005. The San Andres, Providence, and Kathleen Islands Creole trilingual educational project.
- BOWIE, Paulina; KELLY, Edessie; METZGER, Lois; METZGER, Ronald G.; MITCHELL, Dulph; MORREN, Diane; MORREN, Ronald C.; MOSQUITTO, Isilda, authors. 2006. The San Andres, Providence, and Kathleen Islands Creole trilingual educational project 2000.
- DEL AGUILA, Walter, author. 1984. La educación indígena en Colombia: Un marco teórico.
- GARCÍA P., Raul, author. 1992. Estilo cognoscitivo guahibo: Factores cognoscitivos y socioculturales que afectan el aprendizaje de niños guahibos.
- KONDO, Riena W., author. 1996. Bridging between two worlds: a case history of the Cavasi Reservation.
- MORREN, Ronald C., author. 2001. "Creole-based trilingual education in the Caribbean archipelago of San Andres, Providence and Santa Catalina."
- SCHAUER, Junia G., author. 1985. Por que los yucunas necesitan una educación bilingüe-bicultural.
- SOSA, Marcelino, author. 1983. El Niño Guahibo y la educación bilingüe.
Ecuador
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1977. "El desarrollo de material didáctico en torno a la literatura oral andina."
- BURNS, Nadine T., author. 1977. "Abreviando el proceso de la alfabetización en quechua."
- TURNER, Glen D., author. 1964. "Indian assimilation and bilingual schools."
Guatemala
- BLACKBURN, Linda, author. 1983. Literacy training for bilingual Mayans.
- MAYERS, Marvin K.; WALTER, Stephen L., authors. 1981. Review of: Bilingual multicultural education and the professional: from theory to practice, Henry T. Trueba and Carol Barnett-Mizrahi, editors.
- MAYERS, Marvin K.; WALTER, Stephen L., authors. 1981. Review of: Handbook of intercultural communication, Molefi Kete Asante, Eileen Newmark and Cecil A. Blake, editors.
- MAYERS, Marvin K.; WALTER, Stephen L., authors. 1981. Review of: Helping kids learn multi-cultural concepts: a handbook of strategies, by Michael G. Pasternak, editor.
- MAYERS, Marvin K.; WALTER, Stephen L., authors. 1981. Review of: Multicultural nonsexist education: a human relations approach, Nicholas Colangelo, Cecelia H. Foxley and Dick Dustin, editors.
- MORREN, Ronald C., author. 1988. "Bilingual education curriculum development in Guatemala."
- OLTROGGE, David F., author. 1980. "Linguistic interference: Some implications for bilingual education."
- WENDELL, Margaret M., author. 1962. "En torno a un programa de alfabetización bilingüe: Un año en el proyecto de Tactic."
Jamaica
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MORREN, Diane; MORREN, Ronald C., authors. 2007. Are the goals and objectives of Jamaica's Bilingual Education Project being met?.
Mexico
- GUDSCHINSKY, Sarah C., author. 1975. "Some frequent and recurring fallacies concerning bilingual education."
- WALLIS, Ethel E., author. 1953. "Problemas de aculturación implícitos en la educación indígena del otomí del Mezquital."
- WALLIS, Ethel E., author. 1956. "Sociolinguistics in relation to Mezquital Otomi transition education."
Peru
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Anonymous. 1973. Programa de educación bilingüe de la selva.
- BACKSTROM, Peter C., author. 1993. Review of: Bilingual education and language maintenance: a southern Peruvian Quechua case, by Nancy H. Hornberger.
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BALLENA D., Marlene; DAVIS, Patricia M.; LARSON, Mildred L., compilers; PRADO PASTOR, Ignacio, editor. 1979. Educación bilingüe: Una experiencia en la amazonía peruana.
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BERGLI, Ågot, compiler. 1990. Educación intercultural.
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. La langue maternelle, ça compte ! La langue locale, clé d'un apprentissage efficace.
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. Mother tongue matters: local language as a key to effective learning.
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1968. "Bilingual education in the Andes of Peru."
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1968. "Niños de la sierra peruana estudian en quechua para saber español."
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1971. Cinco años de educación bilingüe en los Andes del Perú, 1965-1970.
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1971. Five years of bilingual education in the Andes of Peru 1965-1970: final report on the five year bilingual education experiment in Ayacucho (1).
- BURNS, Donald H., author. 1975. "Informe preliminar de la educación bilingüe de la sierra."
- BURNS, Nadine T., author. 1970. Materials for the bilingual schools of Ayacucho.
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "El programa y el alumno."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "El programa y el maestro bilingüe."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "El programa y la comunidad."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "Elaborando libros de lectura."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "La planificación previa."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "Las escuelas bilingües: Los objetivos y su ejecución."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1979. "Los beneficios de la educación bilingüe."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "Preprogram planning."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "The benefits of bilingual education."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "The challenges of primer making."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "The program and the community."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "The program as it relates to the pupils."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "The program as it relates to the teacher."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1981. "The village schools: Goals and their implementation."
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1987. What we have learned about learning.
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1988. Education for the future: Towards Spanish as a standard language curriculum for native American Peruvians.
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1994. Literacy acquisition, retention, and usage: a case study of the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon.
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. 1996. The personal face of literacy.
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author. Available: 2011; Created: 1996. Lo que hemos aprendido sobre al aprendizaje.
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DAVIS, Patricia M., author; CORAL, Karen; POIRIER, Alberto, translators. 1997. La enseñanza del castellano como segunda lengua entre los grupos etnolingüísticos de la Amazonia.
- DAVIS, Patricia M., author; DEL AGUILA, Walter, translator. 2002. Los Machiguengas aprenden a leer: breve historia de la educación bilingüe y el desarrollo communal entre los machiguengas del Bajo Urubamba.
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DAVIS, Patricia M.; EAKIN, Lucille; EILANDER, Cornelia N.; PARKER, Stephen G., authors. 1990. "Estilos de aprendizaje y algunas sugerencias para la enseñanza bilingüe intercultural."
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DAVIS, Patricia M.; EILANDER, Cornelia N.; PARKER, Stephen G., authors. 1990. "Algunas diferencias entre el castellano y los idiomas vernáculos de la Amazonía peruana: Sugerencias para la educación bilingüe."
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DAVIS, Patricia M.; EILANDER, Cornelia N.; PARKER, Stephen G., authors. 1990. "La cultura autóctona y algunas sugerencias para el aula bilingüe."
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DAVIS, Patricia M.; FAUST, Norma; JAKWAY, Martha A.; SHELL, Olive A.; TAPIA S., Teofilo, authors. 1980. Manual para supervisores de escuelas bilingües.
- DAVIS, Patricia M.; LARSON, Mildred L., editors. 1981. Bilingual education: An experience in Peruvian Amazonia.
- DAVIS, Patricia M.; LOOS, Eugene E.; WISE, Mary Ruth, authors. 1976. El cambio cultural y el desarrollo integral de la persona: Exposición de la filosofía y los métodos del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano en el Perú.
- DAVIS, Patricia M.; LOOS, Eugene E.; WISE, Mary Ruth, authors. 1981. "Cultural change and the development of the whole person: An exposition of the philosophy and methods of the Summer Institute of Linguistics."
- EASTHOUSE, Linda O., author. 1996. Education in South Conchucos Quechua.
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EASTHOUSE, Linda O., author. 2003. Becoming bilingual is a way of life.
- ESCOBAR, Alberto, author. 1981. "Multilingualism and Peru."
- INSTITUTO Lingüístico de Verano, author. 1954. "Informe sobre las escuelas bilingües y la obra del Instituto Lingüístico."
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JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1973. "La educación bilingüe y los cambios en el diario vivir."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1975. "La educación culturalmente adaptada."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1979. "Educación para adultos: Educación para la vida diaria."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1979. "Formación de supervisores vernáculo-hablantes."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1979. "La educación adaptada a la cultura."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1979. "Talleres para escritores nativos."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1981. "Adult education: Education for everyday living."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1981. "Culturally adapted education."
- JAKWAY, Martha A., author. 1981. "The development of vernacular speakers as supervisors."
- JAKWAY, Martha A.; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 1990. A sketch of SIL-prepared bilingual education materials in Peruvian Amazonia.
- JAKWAY, Martha A.; WISE, Mary Ruth, authors. 1980. "Educación bilingüe, estado de la cuestión: (2) Nosotros los aguaruna."
- LARSON, Mildred L., author. 1979. "Capacitando para capacitar: La clave para un programa en marcha."
- LARSON, Mildred L., author. 1979. "El rol de las lenguas vernáculas frente a las lenguas de prestigio en la educación primaria."
- LARSON, Mildred L., author. 1979. "Promoviendo la educación bilingüe por medio de conferencias de maestros."
- LARSON, Mildred L., author. 1981. "Promoting bilingual education through teachers’ conferences."
- LARSON, Mildred L., author. 1981. "The role of vernacular versus prestige languages in primary education."
- LARSON, Mildred L., author. 1981. "Training to train: The key to an ongoing program."
- LARSON, Mildred L.; SHELL, Olive A.; WISE, Mary Ruth, authors. 1979. "Estudio panorámico del programa de educación bilingüe en la selva peruana."
- LARSON, Mildred L.; SHELL, Olive A.; WISE, Mary Ruth, authors. 1980. "Overview of the programme of bilingual education in the Peruvian jungle."
- LOOS, Eugene E., author. 1981. "The application of linguistics to the preparation of didactic materials."
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LOVELAND, Nancy, author. 1996. "Elaboración de libros de lectura para usuarios en proceso de transición y transferencia."
- ORTIZ R., Alejandro, author. 1979. "Algunas consideraciones antropológicas sobre la educación bilingüe."
- ORTIZ R., Alejandro, author. 1981. "Some anthropological considerations concerning bilingual education."
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ROMERO, Ezequiel, author. 1980. Pepe el travieso: Una contribución para la enseñanza del castellano como segunda lengua, y de su lecto-escritura a niños alfabetizados en el vernáculo.
- ROSS, David A., author. 1984. Review of: Bilingual education: An experience in Peruvian Amazonia, Mildred L. Larson and Patricia M. Davis, editors.
- SHELL, Olive A., author. 1979. "Capacitación de maestros bilingües."
- SHELL, Olive A., author. 1981. "The training of bilingual teachers."
- TOWNSEND, William Cameron, author. 1954. "Informe sobre las escuelas bilingües y la obra del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano."
- TOWNSEND, William Cameron, author. 1980. "Applied anthropology in the Amazon jungle."
- TRIPP, Martha D., author. 1979. "La escritura creativa en las escuelas bilingües de los amuesha."
- TRIPP, Martha D., author. 1981. "Creative writing in Amuesha bilingual schools."
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TRUDELL, Barbara, author. 1990. "El Instituto Lingüístico de Verano y la educación bilingüe en le Perú: Una perspectiva."
- TRUDELL, Barbara, author. 1993. The dilemma of biliteracy in Peruvian Amazonia.
- TRUDELL, Barbara, author. 1995. Literacy acquisition among Peruvian Amazon communities.
- TRUDELL, Barbara, author. 1995. The Summer Institute of Linguistics and bilingual education in Peru: Philosophy and methods.
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WEBER, David J., author. 1996. "Con solo seis letras."
- WEBER, Diana, author. 2000. "El programa LEELA: una alternativa para la educación bilingüe."
- WIPIO D., Gerardo, author. 1979. "La educación en el pueblo aguaruna."
- WIPIO D., Gerardo, author. 1981. "The history of education among the Aguaruna."
- WISE, Mary Ruth, author. 1969. "Utilizing languages of minority groups in a bilingual experiment in the Amazonian jungle of Peru."
- WISE, Mary Ruth, author. 1971. "Une expérience de bilinguisme au Pérou."
- WISE, Mary Ruth, author. 1991. The old and the new in written indigenous literature of Peru.
- WISTRAND, Lila, author. 1970. "Bilingual jungle school."
- WROUGHTON, James O., author. 1965. "La educación bilingüe en la selva peruana."
United States
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. La langue maternelle, ça compte ! La langue locale, clé d'un apprentissage efficace.
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. Mother tongue matters: local language as a key to effective learning.
- COLLINS, Raymond; HOLTHAUS, Gary H., authors. 1972. "Education in the north: Its effect on Athapascan culture."
- MALONE, Dennis L., author. 2001. Review of: Dual language education, by Kathryn J. Lindholm-Leary.
Asia
Cambodia
China
- COBBEY, Heidi, author. 2007. "Challenges and prospects of minority bilingual education in China—an analysis of four projects."
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GEARY, D. Norman; PAN, Yongrong, authors. 2003. "A bilingual education pilot project among the Kam people in Guizhou Province, China."
- MILLIKEN, Margaret E., author. 1995. "Shuang yu Jiaoxue dui zhongguo shaoshu minzu de biànli he xiwang (The benefits and implications of bilingual education for Chinese minorities)."
- TAN, William, author. 1997. Bilingual education for the Miao people of Guizhou province, China.
- TAN, William, author. Available: 2010; Created: 1995. Zou xiang shuangyu jiaoxue de daolu.
Indonesia
- BRILEY, David; BRILEY, Joyce E.; GRAVELLE, Gilles; RINGENBERG, Kay; SIMS, Anne, authors. 1996. Biliteracy in rural settings: a look at some Irian Jaya literacy programs.
- MATTHEWS, Delle, author. 1983. Language maintenance, shift and death and the implications for bilingual education.
- RINGENBERG, Kay, author. 2002. "Pengalihan keterampilan baca-tulis dwibahasa: meninjau perkembangan program belakangan ini."
- SAID, M. Ide, author. 1990. "Pendidikan kedwibahasaan rancangan alternatif di dalam pelestarian bahasa daerah di Indonesia."
Malaysia
Nepal
Philippines
- DEKKER, Diane, author. 2003. "A case study of the first language component bridging program in rural Philippines."
- DEKKER, P. Gregory, author. 1999. "First language component literacy: a bridge over troubled waters."
- HOHULIN, E. Lou, author. 1993. "The first language component bridging educational program (a preliminary report)."
- HOHULIN, E. Lou, author. 1995. The first language component: a bridging educational program.
- YOUNG, Catherine, author. 2010. "First language education in multilingual contexts in the Philippines."
Russian Federation
- TOWNSEND, Elaine M.; TOWNSEND, William Cameron, authors. 1975. The USSR as we saw it: From Armenia to Russia, many languages, much progress, sincere friendliness.
- TOWNSEND, William Cameron, author. 1972. They found a common language: Community through bilingual education.
- TOWNSEND, William Cameron, author. n.d. Ils ont trouvé une langue commune: L’identité communautaire par l’education bilingue.
Taiwan
Thailand
Viet Nam
Europe
Russian Federation
- TOWNSEND, Elaine M.; TOWNSEND, William Cameron, authors. 1975. The USSR as we saw it: From Armenia to Russia, many languages, much progress, sincere friendliness.
- TOWNSEND, William Cameron, author. 1972. They found a common language: Community through bilingual education.
- TOWNSEND, William Cameron, author. n.d. Ils ont trouvé une langue commune: L’identité communautaire par l’education bilingue.
Pacific
Australia
- CRAWFORD, David, author. 1982. Review of: Kulila on aboriginal education, by Max Hart.
- EVANS, Margaret A., author. 1978. Transition from Australian Aboriginal languages to English: As it applies to children in bilingual schools.
- FURBY, Edward S., author. 1978. Northern Territory bilingual education (with a preview of a selection of programmes in six other countries).
- HARRIS, John; SANDEFUR, John R., authors. 1983. "Creole languages and the use of Kriol in Northern Territory schools."
- HARRIS, Pamela J., author. 1977. "Vernacular literacy programme within bilingual education."
- HARRIS, Pamela J., author. 1977. "Vernacular literacy programs within bilingual education in Australian Aboriginal schools."
- LEEDING, Velma J., author. 1976. "The linguist’s role in a bilingual education programme."
- MORTON, Beth, author. 1975. "The phases of a bilingual education programme."
- SANDEFUR, John R., author. 1977. "Bilingual education for Aboriginal Australians."
- SANDEFUR, John R., author. 1982. "Kriol and the question of decreolization."
- STREET, Chester S.; STREET, Lynette, authors. 1993. "Literacy among the Murrinh-patha."
Papua New Guinea
- AHAI, Naihuwo, author. 1987. "In support of vernacular in education."
- BICKERTON, Derek, author. 1975. "University-level courses in Pidgin & Creole."
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. La langue maternelle, ça compte ! La langue locale, clé d'un apprentissage efficace.
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BÜHMANN, Dörthe; TRUDELL, Barbara, authors. 2008. Mother tongue matters: local language as a key to effective learning.
- CATES, Ann R., author. 1975. "Why teach first in the vernacular?."
- FRANKLIN, Karl J., author. 1975. "Vernaculars as bridges to cross-cultural understanding."
- GARRETT, Gertrude, author. 1997. Vernacular elementary education in Papua New Guinea.
- HARRISON, J. Daniel, author. 1975. "Community education among the Guhu-Samanes."
- HOOLEY, Bruce A., author. 1976. Bilingual education and literacy.
- HOOLEY, Bruce A.; LOVING, Richard, editors. 1976. Student research papers in literacy and education.
- KEMELFIELD, Graeme, author. 1982. "North Solomons pre-school programme."
- LITHGOW, Daphne, author. 1983. Review of: Social and educational issues in bilingualism and biculturalism, Robert St. Clair and others, editors.
- LITTERAL, Robert L., author. 1975. "A proposal for the use of Pidgin in Papua New Guinea’s education system."
- LOVING, Aretta, editor. 1975. Bilingual education: Past studies (articles reprinted from Read magazine).
- MALONE, Dennis L., author. 1997. Namel manmeri: Language and culture maintenance and mother tongue education in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
- MCCARTHY, Joy, author. 1975. Bilingual education.
- MCCARTHY, Joy, author. 1977. "Bilingual education for Papua New Guinea."
- MCELHANON, Kenneth A., author. 1975. "The vernacular as an aid to education."
- NAGAI, Yasuko, author. 2003. "Designing a vernacular English bridging programme in Papua New Guinea."
- SIMPSON, Steve, author. 1990. Vernacular preschools: Why all the interest in them?.