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Orthography

Index of SIL publications on Orthography listed by country.

See only SIL publications on Orthography available online or from our bookstore.

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General works

• Bendor-Samuel, John. 1996. "African languages."
• Clifton, John M. 2002. "Alphabets of ten Turkic languages."
• Grimes, Joseph E. and Raymond G. Gordon. 1980. "Design of new orthographies."
• Hartell, Rhonda L., editor. 1993. Alphabets de Langues Africaines.
• Hartell, Rhonda L., editor. 1993. Alphabets of Africa.
• Hoehlig, Monika. 1979. Adiĝe alfabet = Cerkesçe okuyup yazmak sanildigi kadar zor degildir. Siz de bir deneyin = Adige lesen und schreiben ist nicht so schwer, wie man glaubt. Versuch du es auch!.
• Kutsch Lojenga, Constance. 1993. "The writing and reading of tone in Bantu languages."
• Kutsch Lojenga, Constance. 2003. "Develop an orthography."
• Millar, J. B. and W. W. Glover. 1981. "Synthesis of the Devanagari orthography."
• Robbins, Frank E. 1992. "Standardization of unwritten vernaculars."  
• Roberts, David. 2008. "Thirty years of tone orthography testing in West African languages (1977-2007)."
• Schroeder, Leila. 2008. Bantu Orthography Manual.  
• Snider, Keith. 2001. "Linguistic factors in orthography design."
• Thar, Lois. 1993. "Designing braille orthographies for primers."
• Toba, Ingrid. 1997. Review of: Literacy and script reform in occupation Japan: reading between the lines, by J. Marshall Unger.
• Tremper, Mark W. 1985. Current principles of orthography design: a study of orthography development in North America and Colombia.
• Unseth, Peter. 2005. "Sociolinguistic parallels between choosing scripts and languages."
• Van Dyken, Julia R. and Constance Kutsch Lojenga. 1993. "Word boundaries: Key factors in orthography development."
• Weaver, Deborah. 1980. "Orthography design."
• Wiesemann, Ursula. 1995. "Tone orthography and pedagogy."

Works specific to particular countries

Africa

Benin

• Igue, Akanni and Capo Hounkpati B. C. 1993. "Benin: Introduction."
• Roberts, David. 2008. L'orthographe du ton dans les langues béninoises.

Botswana

• Hasselbring, Sue. 1996. "Orthography testing in Botswana."
• Visser, Hessel. 2001. "The intricacies of Khoesan orthography: the case of Naro."
• Visser, Hessel. 2003. "Complexidades de uma ortografia Koesana: o caso da língua Naro."

Burkina Faso

• Anderson, Karen D. 2003. Why Ini can’t read: a miscue analysis of Lobiri, an African tone language.
• Nikiema, Norbert. 1993. "Burkina Faso Introduction."
• Ouattara, Lassina. 2000. Guide orthographique Dogose.
• Ouattara, Lassina. 2000. Guide orthographique Dogosé.
• Solomiac, Paul, Ali Traoré and Fabé Traoré. 1998. Guide orthographique du Dzùùngoo: a l’usage de ceux qui savent déjà lire et écrire en français.
• Suggett, Colin. 2003. En avant pour le tchourama! Guide d’orthographe tchourama.
• Suggett, Colin. 2006. En avant pour le tchourama! Guide d'orthographe tchourama.

Cameroon

• Alomofor, Christian, compiler. 2007. Awing - English dictionary and English - Awing index.
• Bird, Steven. 2000. "Orthography and identity in Cameroon."
• Clark, Scott. 2007. Alphabet and orthography statement for Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya (found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Central African Republic).  
• Eyoh, Julius A. and Robert Hedinger. 2008. Mfumte orthography guide.  
• Golamadang, Thomas, Timothée Sabataï and Richard Gravina. Available: 2005; Created: . L'orthgraphe de la langue guemzek.  
• Gravina, Richard and others. Available: 2004; Created: 2004-06-28. L'orthographe de la langue Tchouvok, esquisse préliminaire.  
• Gravina, Richard and Robert Nelezek. 1999. Avinde ʼam sǝ mbuko (Guide de l’orthographe de la langue Mbuko).  
• Haller, Beat. 1984. "Problems in attempting to write the Zulgo language."
• Kongne Welaze, Jacquis and others. 2005. Précis d'orthographe pour la langue Tuki.  
• Mbuagbaw, Tanyi Eyong. 2008. "The standardisation and modernisation of Kenyang."  
• Mfonyam, Joseph N. 1989. Tone in orthography: The case of Bafut and related languages.
• Phillips, Kathleen. 1979. The initial standardization of the Yambɛta language.
• Tadadjeu, Maurice and Etienne Sadembouo, editors. 1984. Alphabet général des langues camerounaises (General alphabet of Cameroon languages).
• Tadadjeu, Maurice. 1993. "Cameroon: Introduction."
• Watters, John R. 1982. "Problems in developing an Ejagham orthography."
• Wiesemann, Ursula, Etienne Sadembouo, and Maurice Tadadjeu. 1983. Guide pour le développement des systèmes d’écriture des langues africaines.
• Wiesemann, Ursula. 1981. "Native speaker reaction and the development of writing systems for unwritten languages."
• Wiesemann, Ursula. 1982. "The phonology and orthography of Tupuri."

Central African Republic

• Diki-Kidiri, Marcel. 1993. "Central African Republic: Introduction."
• Karan, Elke. 2006. Writing system development and reform: a process.

Congo

• Cahill, Michael. 2008. "Word games as experimental linguistics."  
• Lipou, Antoine. 1993. "Congo: Introduction."

Côte d’Ivoire

• Bolli, Margrit. 1978. "Writing tone with punctuation marks."
• Bolli, Margrit. 1991. "Orthography difficulties to be overcome by Dan people literate in French."
• Burmeister, J. L. 1980. Tone orthography for Ivory Coast languages.
• Burmeister, Jonathan L. 1999. Guide d’orthographe Agni Sanvi.
• Grimes, Joseph E., Augustus B. Marwieh, and Amy Bauernschmidt. 1960. "Several Kru orthographies."
• Koffi, Ettien N. 1994. "The representation of tones in the orthography."
• Koffi, Ettien N. 1995. "Indigenizing punctuation marks."
• Kouadio NʼGuessan, Jérémie. 1993. "Côte d’Ivoire: Introduction."
• Meier, Ingeborg. 1983. "Comment écrire les tons de manière simple et satisfaisante: Un apport de la linguistique a un probleme d’alphabétisation."

Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Bamata-Subama and Projet de Traduction de la Bible et d'Alphabétisation en langue Budu. Created: 1997. Manuel d'orthographe Budu.
• Olson, Kenneth S. 2004. "Mono."
• Projet de Traduction de la Bible et d'Alphabétisation en langue Lika. Created: 2002. Manuel d'orthographe Lika.

Ethiopia

• Scholz, Hans-Jürgen. 1980. Handbuch zur Alphabetisierung.
• Unseth, Peter and Carole Unseth. 1991. "Analyzing ambiguity in orthographies."

Ghana

• Awedoba, A. K. 1990. "Kasem tones and orthography [includes response from P.L. Hewer]."
• Cahill, Michael and Elke Karan. 2008. "Factors in designing effective orthographies for unwritten languages."  
• Cahill, Mike. 2001. "Avoiding tone marks: a remnant of English education?."
• Hampton, Roberta S. 1989. "Using insights from the naive literate as a tool in the linguist’s bag."
• Snider, Keith L. 1992. "‘Grammatical tone’ and orthography."

Guinea

• Mohamed Lamine Sano. 1993. "Guinea: Introduction."

Kenya

• Kisangʼ, Philemon and Iver Larsen. n.d. Reading and writing Endo: a short introduction to the phonology of the Endo language.
• Omondi, Lucia N. 1993. "Kenya: Introduction."
• Sim, Margaret G. 1979. "The importance of a good orthography in the preparation of literacy materials."
• Sim, Ronald J. 1979. Proposals concerning the Kuria alphabet.

Liberia

• Duitsman, John. 1981. "A plus for plurals in writing Liberian Krahn."
• Duitsman, John. 1981. "Liberian Krahn: Some notes on vowel orthography."
• Duitsman, John. 1986. "Testing two systems for marking tone in Western Krahn."
• Lightfoot, Nancy. 1980. "On the use of underlying forms in Klao orthography."
• Miller, Margaret D. 1970. "Tone diacritics in Loma."

Mali

• Carlson, Robert. 1998. Wuu Supyire semɛ (Ecrivons le supyiré: Orthographe et grammaire pratiques du supyiré de Kampolondougou).
• Kodio, Koungarma. 1993. "Mali: Introduction."

Mozambique

• Fortuna, Paulo Jaime and others. 1998. Bukhu ya kupfundzisa malembero a Cisena - Livro de ortografia de língua Sena.
• Gardner, William L. 2001. "Orthography challenges in Bantu languages."

Namibia

• Visser, Hessel. 2001. "The intricacies of Khoesan orthography: the case of Naro."

Niger

• Begna, Mohamed. 1993. "Niger: Introduction."
• Grandouiller (Abarad), Christian, Abdoulmohamine Khamed Attayoub and Maxmoudoune Moxamadou. 2000. Guide d'orthographe təmajəq.

Nigeria

• Bergman, Richard. 1984. "Introducing a new alphabet for the Igede language."
• Meier, Ingeborg. 1983. "Comment écrire les tons de manière simple et satisfaisante: Un apport de la linguistique a un probleme d’alphabétisation."
• Meier, Ingeborg. 1983. "Making tone markings acceptable and easy."
• Stark, Janie P. 2000. Simultaneous consideration of co-languages: implications for orthography design.
• Stark, Janie P. 2010. Kambari orthography design.  
• Williamson, Kay. 1993. "Nigeria: Introduction."

Senegal

• Dialo, Amadou. 1993. "Senegal: Introduction."

Sierra Leone

• Coomber, Ajayi. 1993. "Sierra Leone: Introduction."

Sudan

• Ahmed, Ibrahim. 2004. "Suggestions for writing modern Nubian languages."
• Allam, Massimino. 1984. Afonihine ofioro Otuho (Lotuho wisdom has increased).
• Allam, Massimino. 1998. Afonihine ofioro Otuho (Lotuho wisdom has increased).
• Bilal, Clement Murba Wau. 2004. "The Adamawa - Ubangi languages in Sudan."
• Coates, Heather. 1985. "Otuho phonology and orthography."
• de Jong, Nicky. 2004. "Didinga orthography."
• Duerksen, John. 2004. "A journey in orthography evaluation - my Otuho experience."
• Duerksen, John. 2004. "Dinka-Nuer orthographies."
• Eluzai, Moga Yokwe. 1993. "Sudan: Introduction."
• Gilley, Leoma G. 1999. "Facilitating orthography development with mother-tongue speakers."
• Gilley, Leoma G. 2004. "The Lwoian family."
• Gilley, Leoma. 2004. "Morphophonemic orthographies in fusional languages: the cases of Dinka and Shilluk."  
• Hall, Ed and Marian Hall. 2004. "Kadugli-Krongo."
• Hāshim, Muḥammad Jalāl Aḥmad. 2004. "Competing orthographies for writing Nobiin Nubian."
• Kilpatrick, Eileen. 2004. "Orthographies of Moru-Maʼdi languages."
• Pace, Wanda. 1991. "Orthography and the influence of morphophonemics."
• Persson, Janet. 2004. "Bongo-Bagirmi languages in Sudan."
• Sampson, Douglas L. 1997. "Update on Baka phonology and orthography, as of 1996."
• Schröder, Martin C. 2004. "Issues in Toposa orthography."
• Spronk, Tanya. 2004. "A brief description of the current Talodi orthographies."
• Stirtz, Timothy M. 2004. "Phonology and orthography in Gaahmg."
• Watson, Richard L. 1989. "Moru-maʼdi orthography problems."  

Togo

• Issa, Takassi. 1993. "Togo: Introduction."
• Meier, Ingeborg. 1983. "Comment écrire les tons de manière simple et satisfaisante: Un apport de la linguistique a un probleme d’alphabétisation."
• Poidi, Honorine. 1996. Manuel d’orthographe Igo: Cours destine aux bogo lettres en Français.
• Poidi, Massanvi, editor. 1989. L’orthographe de l’igo.
• Roberts, David. 2005. L'orthographe des pronoms sujets en kabiyè.
• Roberts, David. 2006. "Double sens, doubles consonnes: une proposition pour effacer des ambiguîtés tonales dans l'orthographe du kabiyè."
• Roberts, David. 2007. Le confectionnement d'une graphie tonale pour le kabiyè.
• Roberts, David. 2008. "The two Kabiye orthographies: a sociolinguistic and linguistic comparison."
• Roberts, David. 2008. L'orthographe du ton en kabiyè au banc d'essai.
• Roberts, David. 2008. L'orthographe du ton dans les langues béninoises.
• Roberts, David. 2008. L'orthographe du ton: nouvelles approches méthodologiques.
• Wiesemann, Ursula. 1989. "Orthography matters."

Uganda

• Moe, Ronald, James Mbabazi andLugungu Language Committee. 1999. Lugungu orthography guide, preliminary version.

Americas

Belize

• Decker, Ken. 1996. "Orthography development for Belize creole."

Brazil

• Crofts, Marjorie. 1976. "Must tone always be written in a tonal language?."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1968. "A test for orthographic ambiguity."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1970. "More on formulating efficient orthographies."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1972. "Notes on neutralization and orthography."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1972. "The nature of the writing system: Pedagogical implications."
• Hall, Joan. 1979. Os sistemas fonológicos e gráficos xavante e português: Análise contrastiva.
• Wiesemann, Ursula. Available: 2008; Created: 2008-01-02. Contribuição ao desenvolvimento de uma ortografia da língua Hunsrik falada na América do Sul.  

Canada

• Frantz, Donald G. 1978. "Abstractness of phonology and Blackfoot orthography design."
• Morren, Ronald C. 1986. "Primers for a syllabary writing system."
• Valentine, J. Randolph. 1987. Review of: Promoting native writing systems in Canada, by B. J. Burnaby.
• Walker, Richard and David B. Wilkinson, compilers. 1974. Central Carrier bilingual dictionary.

Chile

• Croese, Robert A., Adalberto Salas, and Gastón Sepúlveda. 1978. "Proposición de un sistema unificado de transcripción fonémica para el mapudungu."
• Weber, Robert L. and Nancy L. Weber. 1985. Hacia el establecimiento de un sistema escrito para el rapa nui, lengua de la Isla de Pascua.

Colombia

• Author unknown. 1976. "Notas sobre fonología y ortografía cuiba."  
• Waltz, Carolyn H. 1986. "Bilingual Guananos lead us to a simple alphabet."

Guatemala

• Brawand, John, Alice Brawand, and Ilah Fleming. 1977. "Alfabeto achí."
• Butler, James H. and Judy G. Butler. 1977. "Alfabeto tzutujil."
• Camposeco R., Jerónimo, Dennis Stratmeyer, and Jean Stratmeyer. 1977. "Alfabeto jacalteco."
• Elliott, Raymond and Helen Elliott. 1977. "Alfabeto ixil."
• Fleming, Ilah, compiler. 1977. Alfabeto de las lenguas mayances.
• Fleming, Ilah. 1977. "Alfabeto caribe centroamericano."
• Fox, David G., Carol Fox, and Felipe R. Saquic C. 1977. "Alfabeto quiché."
• Huff, Wayne, Alice Huff, and Ilah Fleming. 1977. "Alfabeto uspanteco."
• King, Martha, Ilah Fleming, and Marcial Maxia C. 1977. "Alfabeto cakchiquel."
• Mayers, Marvin K. and others. 1977. "Alfabeto pokomchí."
• McArthur, Harry S. and Lucille E. McArthur. 1977. "Alfabeto aguacateco."
• McCluggage, Ralph and Pat Hile. 1977. "Alfabeto quiché."
• McNichols, John L. and others. 1977. "Alfabeto chortí."
• Neuenswander, Helen L. and Mary Shaw. 1977. "Alfabeto achí."
• Oltrogge, David F. 1976. Review of: Proyecto de alfabetos y ortografías para escribir las lenguas mayances, by Terrence Kaufman.
• Sedat, William, Francis Eachus, and Ruth Carlson. 1977. "Alfabeto kekchí."
• Sywulka, Edward and Patricio Ortiz M. 1977. "Alfabeto Mam."
• Ulrich, Matthew and Otto Schuman. 1977. "Alfabeto itzá."
• Ulrich, Matthew and Rosemary Ulrich. 1977. "Alfabeto Maya-Mopán."
• Westfall, Arvid, Nancy L. Westfall, and Ilah Fleming. 1977. "Alfabeto kanjobal."
• Williams, Kenneth L. and Barbara Williams. 1977. "Alfabeto chuj."
• Zinn, Raymond and Gail Zinn. 1977. "Alfabeto pocomam oriental."

Honduras

• Dennis, Ronald K., Margaret Dennis, and Ilah Fleming. 1975. "El alfabeto tol (jicaque)."

Mexico

• Author unknown. 2006. Alfabeto popular para la escritura del Zapoteco del Istmo 1956 (Popular alphabet for writing Isthmus Zapotec 1956).  
• Benton, Joseph P. 1999. How the Summer Institute of Linguistics has developed orthographies for indigenous languages of Mexico (Cómo el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano ha formado ortografías para las lenguas autóctonas de Mexico).  
• Bernabé Chávez, Evaristo and Nancy Lanier Murray. 2002. Notas históricas sobre las variaciones de los alfabetos otomies.  
• Gittlen, Peter and Laura Gittlen. 1981. "Some modern syllabaries."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1959. "Toneme representation in Mazatec orthography."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1968. "A test for orthographic ambiguity."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1970. "More on formulating efficient orthographies."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1972. "Notes on neutralization and orthography."
• Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1972. "The nature of the writing system: Pedagogical implications."
• Hagberg, Larry. 2001. "Mayo practical orthography."
• Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1978. "Choosing a tone orthography for Copala Trique."
• Hollenbach, Barbara E. 2007. "Tone languages and language (un)awareness."  
• Legters, D. Brainerd. 1937. "Notas sobre el alfabeto maya."
• Longacre, Robert E. 1953. "A tone orthography for Trique."
• Longacre, Robert E. 1970. "An experiment in testing the reading of Trique without indication of tone."
• Marlett, Stephen A. 1980. "Phonology, orthography, and diacritics."
• Marlett, Stephen A. 2006. "La evolución del alfabeto seri."
• Marlett, Stephen and Mary Moser. 1998. Aclaraciones sobre la ortografía seri.  
• Mugele, Robert L. 1978. "The pedagogical implications of undersymbolization in orthography."
• Müller, Elke. 2005. Morelos Nahuatl alphabet.  
• Parkhurst, Stephen J. 1993. "Smalley’s ‘maximums’ of orthography design and sign languages."
• Pike, Kenneth L. 1938. "Practical suggestions toward a common orthography for Indian languages of Mexico for education of the natives within their own tongues."
• Smith, Paul. 1966. Apuntes sobre unas letras del alfabeto chinanteco.
• Wendell, Margaret M. 1970. "A problem in Totonac orthography."

Panama

• Koontz, Carol and Joanne Anderson. 1977. "La derivación de una ortografía teribe."

Peru

• Burns, Donald H. 1952. Sistemas fonéticos de lenguas sin escritura.
• Powlison, Paul. 1968. "Bases for formulating an efficient orthography."
• Weber, David J.; Marlene Ballena Dávila, translator. 1994. Ortografía lecciones del quechua.  
• Weber, David John. 2005. Writing Quechua: the case for a Hispanic orthography.

Suriname

• Grimes, Joseph E. 1972. "Writing systems for the interior of Surinam."  
• Huttar, George L. 1992. "Afaka and his Creole syllabary: The social context of a writing system."  

United States

• Gordon, Raymond G. 1981. Symbolic manipulation of orthography.
• Gordon, Raymond G. 1986. "Some psycholinguistic considerations in practical orthography design."

Asia

China

• Enwall, Joakim. 1998. "Introductory remarks on M. H. Hutton’s Keh Deo writing."  
• Fine, Cathryn. 2003. Extendibility in Bouyei orthography design: a multilectal approach.
• Long Yaohong and D. Norman Geary. 2000. "The Kam orthography."
• Tehan, Thomas M. and David L. Morse. 2000. "How do you write Lisu?."  

Indonesia

• Dawson, Jean. 1989. "Orthography decisions."
• Gravelle, Gilles. 1990. "Orthography testing in Meah: Using Meah or Indonesian semi-vowel rules."
• Hanafi, B. A. and others, compilers. 1991. Pedoman ejaan bahasa daerah Muna.
• Jones, Linda K. 1991. "Word break problems in Yawa orthography."
• Silzer, Peter J. 1976. "A six-week phonemic analysis of Air Mati with a tentative orthography."

Laos

• Costello, Nancy A. and Khamluan Sulavan. 1996. "Preliminary statement of Katu orthography in Lao script."  
• Jacq, Pascale. 2004. "The development of a Lao-based orthography for Jruˀ."  
• Miller, John and Carolyn Miller. 2005. "A proposed Lao script orthography for Bru Van Kieu/Bru Tri."
• van der Haak, Feikje. 1993. "Taʼuaih phonology and orthography: a preliminary statement."  

Malaysia

• Kroeger, Paul R. 1981. "A phonetic orthography for computer applications."

Myanmar

• Cahill, Michael and Elke Karan. 2008. "Factors in designing effective orthographies for unwritten languages."  
• Hartmann-So, Helga and David D. Thomas. 1981. "Morphophonemic writing in Daai Chin."
• Nai Pan Hla. 1998. "Kyansittha and the Indic words in Myanmar from Mon."  

Nepal

• Glover, Warren. 2002. "Choosing a Gurung orthography for a new dictionary."
• Hale, Austin and Iswaranand Sresthacharya. 1972. Toward a revision of Hale’s roman Newari orthography.
• Webster, Jeff. 2000. "Guidelines for script standardization."
• Webster, Jeff. 2000. "Guidelines for script standardization."

Philippines

• Ashley, Seymour. 1973. "Notes on Tausug orthography."
• Brichoux, Robert. 1977. "Spelling Subanun style: a test of a phonemic-cultural orthography."  
• Pangilinan, Michael Raymon Manaloto. 2006. "Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: settling the dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized orthography."  
• Pangilinan, Michael Raymon Manaloto. 2006. "The importance of diacritical marks in Romanized Kapampángan."  
• Pittman, Richard S. 1973. "The writing of proper names in Tagalog."
• Roe, G. Richard. 1966. "Isneg spelling."
• Shand, Jean. 1972. "Suggestions for revision of phonemic analysis and orthography in Ilianen Manobo."

Thailand

• Bishop, Nancy M. and Mary M. Peterson. 2002. "The Kensiw (Maniq) people."  
• Bishop, Nancy M. and Mary M. Peterson. Available: 2006; Created: 1995-1997. Kensiw orthography statement.  
• Cooper, Arthur. 2002. "The Lahu Shi people."  
• Green, Julie and Feikje Van der Haak. 2002. "The Bru people in Khong Chiem, Ubon Ratchathani."  
• Kosonen, Kimmo. 2003. Testing Chong orthography in Thailand.  
• Migliazza, Brian. 2002. "The So people."  
• Person, Kirk R. 1999. "Writing Bisu: a community-based approach to orthography development."
• Phillips, Audra. 2002. "The West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen people."  
• Thomas, Dorothy M. 1989. "Changing the Northern Khmer orthography."
• TU-SIL-LRDP Committee, editors. 2002. Minority language orthography in Thailand: five case studies: in honor of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej on the auspicious occasion of his Sixth Cycle Birthday.  

Viet Nam

• Blood, Doris E. 1985. "Cham script in a revival movement."
• Costello, Nancy A. and Khamluan Sulavan. 1996. "Preliminary statement of Katu orthography in Lao script."  
• Nguyễn Ðình Hoà. 1992. "Vietnamese phonology and graphemic borrowings from Chinese: The book of 3,000 characters revisited."  

Pacific

Australia

• Carr, Therese. 1991. "Writing Gooniyandi, 1990 update."
• Glasgow, Kathleen B. 1981. "Burarra orthography."
• Hudson, Joyce. 1986. "An orthography chosen by those who speak Gooniyandi."
• Leeding, Velma J. 1984. "Diagnostic testing of the Anindilyakwa orthography for both reading and writing."
• Leeding, Velma J. and Sarah C. Gudschinsky. 1974. "Toward a more uniform orthography for Australian Aboriginal languages."
• McKay, Graham R. 1981. "The use of the symbol ny in Australian Aboriginal orthographies."
• Sandefur, John R. 1984. "A guide to the Kriol writing system."
• Sandefur, John R. 1984. "Aspects of developing a writing system, with particular reference to the revision of the Kriol orthography."
• Sandefur, John R., editor. 1984. Papers on Kriol: The writing system and a resource guide.
• Street, Chester S. 1976. "Spelling problems with voiced and voiceless stops in Murinbata."
• Wrigley, Matthew. 1991. "Community involvement in orthography development: Devising an orthography for Bunuba."

New Caledonia

• Schooling, Stephen J. 1987. "Orthography issues in New Caledonia."

Papua New Guinea

• Allen, Gerald and Matthew Beaso. 1975. "Petats phonemes and orthography."  
• Årsjö, Sören and Britten Årsjö. 1981. "Using Ama literates to determine their orthography."
• Årsjö, Sören and Britten Årsjö. 2005. "Phonology and orthography essentials: Konai (Kala̱i̱) language (Western Province Papua New Guinea)."  
• Bradshaw, Robert L. Available: 2009; Created: 1997. Fuyug orthography paper.  
• Brownie, Marjo and John Brownie. Available: 2009; Created: 2002. Orthography and phonology description Mussau-Emira language: St. Matthias Islands—New Ireland province.  
• Cahill, Michael. 2008. "Word games as experimental linguistics."  
• Campbell, Jo Anne. 1986. "Letters, language learning and literacy: a West Sepik experience."
• Clifton, John and Deborah Clifton. 1995. "Vanimo orthography workshop."
• Clifton, John M. 1986. "Orthographic reform in Kope."  
• Clifton, John M., editor. 1987. Studies in Melanesian orthographies.
• Cochran, Anne M. 1977. Alphabet design for Papua New Guinea languages.
• Conrad, Robert J. and Jo Ann Conrad. 1987. "The symbolization of /ə/ in Mufian (Southern Arapesh)."  
• Deibler, Ellis W. 1987. "The function of glottal stop in Gahuku."  
• Feldpausch, Becky and Tom Feldpausch. Available: 2009; Created: 2000. Namia orthography paper.  
• Frantz, Marjorie and Barry S. Irwin. 1968. "A tone dialogue."
• Gasaway, Eileen and others. 1995. "Orthotech workshop coordinator’s report."
• Gasaway, Eileen, Robin Rempel and Anne Dondorp. 1995. "Idi orthography design workshop."
• Glennon, John and Ariana Glennon. Available: 2009; Created: 2009-06. Organised phonology data Nehan (Nissan) language [NSN]; Kalil - Bougainville region.  
• Griffin, Margie. 1975. "Orthography problems in the Buin language, and how vernacular speakers helped solve them."
• Hainsworth, C. Joan. 1975. "What is the best way to write this language?."
• Hainsworth, C. Joan. 1976. "Is this sound written as a vowel or a consonant?."
• Healey, Alan and Andrew J. Taylor. 1977. "Writing New Guinea languages: Alphabets and orthographies."
• Healey, Alan. 1975. "Vernacular orthographies in Papua New Guinea."
• Hemmilä, Ritva, compiler. 1999. Orthography and phonology database: highlands and Papuan regions.
• Hemmilä, Ritva. 1998. Orthography and phonology database: Islands and Momase regions.
• Hooley, Bruce A. 1974. "Orthography problems in Central Buang."
• Hurd, Conrad. 1975. "A report on the Bougainville orthography seminars."
• Hurd, Conrad. 1975. "Establishing an orthography."
• Hurd, Conrad. Available: 2009; Created: 1970. The new Naasioi alphabet.  
• Larsen, Robert E. 1977. "Multidialectal orthographic and lexical adjustments for Orokaiva."
• Larsen, Robert E. and Marlys Larsen. 1977. "Orokaiva phonology and orthography."  
• Lee, Robert. 1987. "Results of psycholinguistic testing in the Madak language."  
• Lincoln, Peter C. 1975. "Suggestions for Banoni orthography."  
• Lithgow, David and Daphne Lithgow. 1987. "Practical spelling."  
• Lithgow, David. 1978. "How should I spell it? Interpretation of problem sounds illustrated from Muyuw."  
• Lock, Arjen and Maija Lock. 1993. "The development of an orthography."
• Marten, Helen. Available: 2007; Created: 1995-02. Orthography and phonology description of the Yawu dialect of the Yessan-Mayo language.  
• May, Jean and Eunice Loeweke. 1985. "A recommended alphabet for Maiani, Miani, Mala and Maia—four languages of the Kaukambaran language family."  
• Pawley, Andrew. 1975. "On epenthetic vowels in New Guinea Pidgin."
• Pence, Alan R. 1975. "Benefits of a unified Pidgin orthography for Papua New Guinea."
• Price, Dorothy. 1987. "Some Karkar-Yuri orthography and spelling decisions."  
• Rempel, Robin. 1995. "Alphabet development guide—practical steps for developing an alphabet and spelling system to be used with the alphabet development worksheet."
• Rempel, Robin. 1995. "Alphabet development worksheet—for socio-linguistic orthography development."
• Rempel, Robin. 1995. "Report on STARS course."
• Roberts, John R. 1991. "Orthography reform in Amele: Part one."
• Roberts, John R. 1992. "Orthography reform in Amele: Part two."
• Routamaa, Judy and Iska Routamaa. Available: 2008; Created: 1997-03. Orthography paper Kamula, Western province.  
• Sanders, Arden G. and Joy Sanders. 1987. "Kamasau orthography."  
• Scott, Graham K. 1967. "Which alphabet should I use? A limited research survey in Fore."
• Shaw, R. Daniel and Karen A. Shaw. 1977. "Samo phonemes: Description, interpretation and resulting orthography."  
• Simons, Gary F. 1977. "A multi-dialectal orthography for the Biliau language."
• Simons, Gary F. 1977. "Principles of multidialectal orthography design."
• Southwell, Neville and Gwyneth Southwell. Available: 2007; Created: 1972. Phonemes and orthography of Komba.  
• Speece, Richard F. 1987. "How shall we write what was left when the labialized post velar lost its velar?."  
• Speece, Rick and Marilyn Speece. 1992. "When a phonemic orthography doesn’t work."
• Thurman, Robert C. 1976. "Orthography problems in Chuave."
• Vissering, Linda L. 1987. "Orthography testing in Patep."  
• Wilson, Darryl. Available: 2008; Created: 1981-01. The Zia orthography.  
• Wilson, Darryl. Available: 2008; Created: 1981-02-21. Supplement to: The Zia orthography (Papua New Guinea).  

Solomon Islands

• Boerger, Brenda H. 1996. "When c, q, r, x, and z are vowels: An informal report on Natqgu orthography."
• Boswell, Freddy. 2001. "Cheke Holo orthography: local tradition clashes with a linguist’s concerns."
• Daams, Nicolaas. 1982. A practical writing system for the language of Rennell and Bellona.
• Lee, Ernest W. [1982]. Solomon Island Pijin: a spelling survey.
• Simons, Gary F. 1977. A Kwaraʼae spelling list.
• Simons, Gary F. 1977. Standardized alphabets for Malaitan languages.