Chinese, Mandarin

A language of China

ISO 639-3

Alternate Names

Beifang Fangyan, Guanhua, Guoyu, Hanyu, Huayu, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Putonghua, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua, Zhongwen

Population

889,000,000 in China (2013), increasing. 70% of Chinese language users speak a Mandarin dialect as L1. L2 users: 178,000,000 in China. Total users in all countries: 1,090,951,810 (as L1: 897,071,810; as L2: 193,880,000).

Location

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: northwest; Guizhou province; Hubei province: except southeast corner; Hunan province: northwest; Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. Widespread north of Changjiang river, from Qiujiang (Jiangxi) to Zhenjiang (Jiangsu).

Language Maps

Language Status

1 (National). De facto national language.

Classification

Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Dialects

Huabei Guanhua (Northern Mandarin), Xibei Guanhua (Northwestern Mandarin), Xinan Guanhua (Southwestern Mandarin), Jinghuai Guanhua (Eastern Mandarin, Jiangxia Guanhua, Lower Yangze Mandarin). Speakers of Kokang variety in Myanmar are reportedly most similar to the dialect spoken in Yunnan Province, China. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].

Typology

SVO; prepositions; noun head final; 6 full (concrete meaning) word classes; no articles; passives; 24 consonants, 8 vowels, 6 diphthongs; tonal (4 phonemic tones).

Language Use

Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Also use English [eng], French [fra], Japanese [jpn], Korean [kor], Russian [rus], Vietnamese [vie].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L2: 91% (2000 census, Han nationality). Official language taught in all schools in mainland China and Taiwan. Taught in secondary schools. Fully developed. Bible: 1874–1983.

Language Resources

OLAC resources in and about Chinese, Mandarin

Writing

Bopomofo script [Bopo], used since 1913, revised in 1920 and 1932, mainly used in Taiwan. Braille script [Brai]. Han script, Simplified variant [Hans], used since 1956, official in Mainland China (1956) and Singapore (1969), also used elsewhere. Han script, Traditional variant [Hant], used since mid-19th century, official in Taiwan, also used elsewhere. Latin script [Latn].

Other Comments

There are Mandarin speakers in all 56 official nationalities of China, but the majority in China are classified under Han, Manchu and Hui nationalities. Traditional religion, Buddhist, Christian, Confucianist, Daoist, Jewish, Muslim.

Also spoken in:

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Australia

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

336,000 in Australia (2012 UNSD).

Status

5 (Dispersed).

Language Use

Also use English [eng].

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Many Chinese people migrated to Australia during the 1850s gold rushes.

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Brunei

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

13,200 in Brunei (2004 J. Leclerc).

Status

3 (Wider communication).

Other Comments

Non-indigenous.

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Cambodia

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Status

3 (Wider communication).

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Confucianist, Daoist.

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China–Hong Kong

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

94,400 in China–Hong Kong (2013 UNSD).

Status

1 (National).

Other Comments

Non-indigenous.

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China–Macao

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

27,100 in China–Macao (2012 UNSD).

Status

1 (National). Statutory provincial language in Macao Special Administrative Region (1999, Article 9, Basic Law).

Other Comments

Non-indigenous.

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China–Taiwan

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

4,320,000 in China–Taiwan (1993). L2 users: 15,000,000 in China–Taiwan.

Location

Mainly Taipei and 5 provincial cities.

Alternate Names

Guoyu, Kuoyu, Mandarin, Putonghua

Dialects

Taibei Mandarin.

Status

1 (National). De facto national language.

Language Use

Many also use Min Nan Chinese [nan], especially 30–50-year-olds.

Language Development

Kuoyu taught in all schools.

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Traditional religion, Buddhist, Christian.

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Indonesia

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing.

Location

Scattered throughout Indonesia.

Status

3 (Wider communication).

Language Use

Also use Indonesian [ind].

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Mandarin is sometimes taught in ‘National Plus’ schools with English and Indonesian.

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Malaysia

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

Recent census figures do not detail the number of Mandarin speakers.

Location

Peninsular and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak states) especially in urban areas; scattered.

Status

1 (National). Statutory national working language (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Articles 2 and 18).

Language Use

Positive attitudes. All also use Hakka Chinese [hak].

Language Development

Taught in primary and secondary schools.

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Primarily urban, in commerce.

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Mongolia

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

35,000 in Mongolia (Johnstone 1993). 11,300 ethnic Khoton speak a form of Mandarin Chinese [cmn].

Location

Northwest, Uvs Province, Ulaangom and Tarialan sums.

Alternate Names

Hoton, Hui, Hui-Zu, Hytad, Khoton, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Qotong, Xui

Status

5 (Dispersed).

Language Use

Also use Halh Mongolian [khk].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L2: High literacy rate in Halh, or Mandarin.

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Traditional religion.

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Myanmar

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

500,000 in Myanmar (1994).

Location

Shan State: large area on China border, Kokang Self-Administered Zone (Laukkai and Konkyan townships) and Muse township.

Alternate Names

Tayok

Dialects

Kokang (Kokant).

Status

5 (Dispersed).

Language Use

Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Burmese [mya]. Used as L2 by Burmese [mya], Drung [duu], Parauk Wa [prk], Rumai Palaung [rbb], Tai Loi [tlq], Tai Nüa [tdd].

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. The Kokang have been given a Self-Administered Zone. The Kokang dialect in Myanmar is most similar to the dialect spoken in Yunnan Province, China. Buddhist, Daoist.

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Philippines

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

500 in Philippines. Ethnic population: All ethnic Chinese are 53,300 (1990 census).

Status

3 (Wider communication).

Language Use

Used as L2 by Ibatan [ivb].

Other Comments

Non-indigenous.

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Singapore

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

1,210,000 in Singapore (2010 census). L2 users: 880,000 in Singapore.

Alternate Names

Guoyu, Huayu

Status

4 (Educational). Recognized language (1963, Constitution (amended), Article 153A(1)).

Language Use

Use is increasing. Some also use English [eng]. Some also use Chinese [zho], various varieties and other local minority languages. Used as L2 by Baba Malay [mbf], Min Nan Chinese [nan].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L1: 65% (2001 census). Taught in primary and secondary schools.

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. 2,505,209 ethnic Chinese (2000 census).

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Thailand

Language nameChinese, Mandarin

Population

5,880 in Thailand (1984).

Location

Krung Thep province: dispersed through provincial towns and south in Kra peninsula.

Dialects

Ho (Cin Haw, Haw, Hui, Hui-Tze, Hwei, Panghse, Pantha, Panthe, Pathee, Western Mandarin, Yunnanese).

Status

5 (Dispersed).

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. Traditional religion, Muslim.

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Ethnologue

Chinese, Mandarin

Primary tabs

A language of China

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