Hawaiian
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A language of United States
2,000 (Wurm 2007). 500 with Ni’ihau Island connections, another 500 in their 70s or 80s (1995 L. Wong). 8,000 can speak and understand it (1993 K. Haugen). In 1900 there were 37,000 L1 speakers (1995 Honolulu Advertiser). 2000 census lists 27,200. Ethnic population: 336,000. 237,000 in Hawaii (1996 Hawaii State Department of Health), 19% of the population (1990 Hawaii State Department of Health), and 99,000 ethnic Hawaiians on the United States mainland (1990 census), including 24,300 in California. Ethnic Hawaiians include 8,300 pure Hawaiian, 72,800 between 50% and 99% Hawaiian, 127,500 fewer than 50% Hawaiian in Hawaii (1984 Office of Hawaiian Affairs). In 1778 there were believed to have been more than 500,000 pure Hawaiians (1995 W. Harada).
Hawaii: mainly Ni’ihau island, Island of Hawai’i, some on all other islands; some in every state.
2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in State of Hawaii (1978, Hawaii Constitution, Article 15(4)), co-official with English.
VSO; dual number; definite article; passives; causatives; 8 consonants, 10 vowels, 9 diphthongs; non-tonal; inclusive/exclusive pronouns.
Young speakers are being trained in immersion courses and also very old speakers exist, but relatively few adult and middle-aged speakers, which results in lack of communication situations for active use. All domains. 500 older adults; children 2 years old and older learn it as L2: 1,000 ages up to 15; 350 ages 15 to 25 (1997 R. Henze). Also use English [eng], Hawai’i Pidgin [hwc].
Punana Leo private schools offer Hawaiian immersion programs (as L2) for about 800 from 2-year-old ethnic Hawaiians up to high school. The University of Hawaii offers 2 Master’s degrees and a PhD. in the Hawaiian language. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1868–2012.
Latin script [Latn].
Christian, traditional religion.